{"id":220,"date":"2020-04-23T10:29:46","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:29:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=220"},"modified":"2021-01-17T12:16:37","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T12:16:37","slug":"the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/","title":{"rendered":"The Gradual Defederalization of Canadian Health Policy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-e69c6d2e-52e1-4333-93bb-6f9696628556\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a2231abbf2b0\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a2231abbf2b0\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#1_Introduction\" title=\"1. Introduction \">1. Introduction <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#2_Canadian_Federalism\" title=\"2. Canadian Federalism\">2. Canadian Federalism<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#A_The_federal_system_is_different_from_the_unitary_form_of_Government\" title=\"A.\u00a0\u00a0 The federal system\nis different from the unitary form of\nGovernment.-\">A.\u00a0\u00a0 The federal system\nis different from the unitary form of\nGovernment.-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#3_The_advantages_of_Federalism\" title=\"3. The advantages of Federalism\">3. The advantages of Federalism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#4_Why_Quebec%E2%80%99s_or_French_literature_so_pessimistic_about_Canadian_Federalism\" title=\"4. Why Quebec\u2019s or French literature so pessimistic about Canadian Federalism?\">4. Why Quebec\u2019s or French literature so pessimistic about Canadian Federalism?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#B_Brief_History_of_Quebec\" title=\"B.\u00a0\u00a0 Brief History of Quebec\">B.\u00a0\u00a0 Brief History of Quebec<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#5_The_extent_of_federal_autonomy_and_diversity_in_provincial_government\" title=\"5. The extent of federal autonomy and diversity in provincial government-\">5. The extent of federal autonomy and diversity in provincial government-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#6_Royal_Commission_on_Federal_Government_and_provincial_relations\" title=\"6. Royal Commission on Federal Government and provincial relations.-\">6. Royal Commission on Federal Government and provincial relations.-<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#i\" title=\"\u00a0\">\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#C_What_is_the_Royal_Commission\" title=\"C.\u00a0\u00a0 What is the Royal Commission?\">C.\u00a0\u00a0 What is the Royal Commission?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#D_Role_and_Importance_of_the_Royal_Commission\" title=\"D.\u00a0 Role and Importance of the Royal Commission.-\">D.\u00a0 Role and Importance of the Royal Commission.-<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#7_Rowell-Sirois_Commission%E2%80%99s_support_for_Federal_Structure\" title=\"7. Rowell-Sirois Commission\u2019s support for Federal Structure \">7. Rowell-Sirois Commission\u2019s support for Federal Structure <\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#i-2\" title=\"\u00a0\">\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#E_Establishment_of_Rowell-Sirois_Commission\" title=\"E.\u00a0\u00a0 Establishment of Rowell-Sirois Commission\">E.\u00a0\u00a0 Establishment of Rowell-Sirois Commission<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#8_Halls_Commission%E2%80%99s_support_for_Federal_Structure\" title=\"8. Halls Commission\u2019s support for Federal Structure\">8. Halls Commission\u2019s support for Federal Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#9_Health_Care_Policy_in_Canada\" title=\"9. Health Care Policy in Canada.-\">9. Health Care Policy in Canada.-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#10_Why_there_is_the_need_for_collaboration_between_Federal_Government_and_provinces_in_the_healthcare_sector\" title=\"10. Why there is the need for collaboration between Federal Government and provinces in the healthcare sector?\">10. Why there is the need for collaboration between Federal Government and provinces in the healthcare sector?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#11_Cooperative_Federalism\" title=\"11. Cooperative Federalism.-\">11. Cooperative Federalism.-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#12_Distribution_of_Powers\" title=\"12. Distribution of Powers\">12. Distribution of Powers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#13_Conclusion\" title=\"13. Conclusion\">13. Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/#14_Further_comments\" title=\"14. Further comments\">14. Further comments<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span>1. Introduction <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rohit Pradhan | 3rd October 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Article is response to the Author\nPeter Graefe and Andrew Bourns work\u2019s The Gradual Defederalization of Canadian\nHealth Policy. Author\u2019s observation is that the federal value of the state has\neroded to the extent that, it has lost the essence of federalism.\u00a0 This Article criticizes the observations made\nby the author. The Article will walk the reader through the aspect of Canadian\nFederalism, and how it is different from unitary form of governance. Topic of\nhow Federalism is advantageous to a nation and how it\u2019s been advantageous to\nCanada in recent times also, which wouldn\u2019t have been possible if, Canada would\nhave lost the essence of Federalism. The conclusion of the Author was\ninfluenced by French literature, this article discuss about the biases of French literature against Canadian\nFederalism. Extent of provincial autonomy tells the person, about the federal\nstructure of a nation and views of Royal commissions are also taken in\nconsideration, the importance of these Royal commissions has been explained, as\nto why these commission\u2019s recommendations are taken into consideration. Further\nas the author in his work has used the <em>health<\/em>\nto justify the points, this article explains how matter of <em>health <\/em>has instead of eroding federal values have moved the nation\ntoward cooperative federalism.<strong><br>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-c2ff788b-caa0-4559-a88f-e5c17b286803\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Canadian_Federalism\"><\/span>2. Canadian Federalism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Canada is a federal state, some example\nof the federal states are United States of America, Australia etc.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\nContrary to the federal system, one other\nsystem also exist, which is known as a unitary\nsystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_The_federal_system_is_different_from_the_unitary_form_of_Government\"><\/span>A.\u00a0\u00a0 The federal system\nis different from the unitary form of\nGovernment.-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In a federal\nstructure, the power is distributed among two entities, the first one being central\ngovernment and other entity being the several regional authorities. This kind\nof distribution of power makes every individual subject to the law of both\ncentral and regional government. Both of such laws are not subordinate to any one, like the law of the Ontario\u2019s legislation is not the creation of Canadian\nParliament nor it can be taken from the same, likewise,\nOntario and any other province will not be able to take away the law of\nCanadian parliament. This concept that provincial laws and Federal laws are not\nsubordinate to each other, gives the essence of being a federal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While in Unitary form of Government,\nthe power is centralized or accumulated in one national authority. Though there\nare other authorities with law making\npower, over their local territory. But the powers of these authorities are not\nimmune from the power of central government. Power of authorities other than the\ncentral government, who has law-making power is given and can be taken away\nby the central government, and this phenomenon\nis what gives the essence of a unitary\nform of Governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is presumed that there are mainly\ntwo levels of government, one the federal government whose power is prevalent\nthroughout the country, while the power of regional provinces is limited to\ntheir territorial ambit, which generally makes an impression that federal power\nis higher than provincial power. Moreover, it is understood the fact that, if there is any implication between\nfederal laws and provincial laws, generally federal laws prevail. While in Unitary form of government,\nall the law making entities can be said\nto be subordinate to the central government, such entities reflecting central\ngovernance only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a balance of power between the federal government at the top and the regional\ngovernment. This balance of power decides the stability of the nation,\noverpowering the regional governance can lead to the disintegration of such\nregion into a new nation while overpowering of the federal government in real sense will erode the federal ideals of\nthe country and make it more like unitary state.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K.C. Wheare\ndescribed \u201cthe federal principle\u201d as \u201cthe method of dividing powers so that the\ngeneral and regional governments are each, within a sphere, co-ordinate and\nindependent.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>Though his\ndefinition was heavily criticized,<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>as\nhe didn\u2019t emphasize the \u00ednter-dependence\u201d of the regional authorities and the federal government in a federal state.<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-4113b5ab-025c-4f38-a983-14539866ce92\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_The_advantages_of_Federalism\"><\/span>3. The advantages of Federalism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Federal Governance has a lot of advantages.<a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\nA country which is very big and includes diverse regions, division of power is\na great step to ensure that the provincial government works on the policy of\nlocal importance and central government works on the policy of national\nimportance. These provinces work as a\n\u201csocial laboratory\u201d, where certain innovative policies can be tested out. \u00a0If such policies turn out to be not helpful\nthen, the nation as a whole has not been placed\nat risk. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If there is positive feedback from the\nimplementation of such provisions can be copied by other provinces also. For\nexample, after the passage of universal\nhealth care coverage in the province of Saskatchewan in 1962, it became a\nnational programme<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brandeis J., said, <em>\u201cit is one of the happy incidents of the\nfederal system that a single courageous\nstate may, if its citizen chooses, serve\nas a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to\nthe rest of the country.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn7\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The concentration of power leads to tyrant regime, the\nessence of the federation is distribution\nand separation of powers.<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\nTo the allegations that Federal\nGovernment is weak kind of government, another\nside of the coin can be, such weak government cannot impose any tyrant\nor draconian laws over provinces,<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\nthat there will not be any radical change. However if there comes the need for such change, province who is invested\nwith such power in a federation can come up with policies that will if proves\nto be successful can be adopted more widely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-9e4fbef0-5384-401f-ac29-3f4fd9879ea2\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Why_Quebec%E2%80%99s_or_French_literature_so_pessimistic_about_Canadian_Federalism\"><\/span>4. Why Quebec\u2019s or French literature so pessimistic about Canadian Federalism?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Quebec is a unique place. It\u2019s a vast,\ndensely populated French Speaking province within a much larger predominantly\nEnglish speaking country. The people of the provinces are amongst the first\nEuropeans to arrive in North America. It\u2019s a province which voted not once but\ntwice on whether it should leave Canada, and both times it narrowly failed.<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Brief_History_of_Quebec\"><\/span>B.\u00a0\u00a0 Brief History of Quebec<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The region that we know as Quebec has\nbeen populated and diverse for twelve\nthousand years. The first people to arrive in Quebec came around the year\n11,000 BCE. By 10,000 BCE, as the population increased, the place becomes more hospitable to live. By this era,\nthe Iroquois and Algonquin speaking peoples began to arrive in the province\nthat we today know as Quebec. Time passed away and then for the first time\nEuropeans arrived in Quebec. It was a French explorer named Jacques Cartier who\ntook the Endeavour to discover the land, as claimed by some unauthenticated\nsources. On June 24 of 1534, he and his crew landed in the modern-day Gaspe Peninsula, and then claimed the entire land as\nthe property of the king of France. He\nmet with the indigenous people and then trade started between French and these\nindigenous people. Later on, La Rocque de\nRoberval took the task to colonize, Quebec which he called New France. He\nfailed at the job, the in year 1608, Quebec City was found by Samuel de\nChamplain. There he was successful in early\ncolonizing of the Quebec. Lot of valuable\nlands and property taken by the French crown was passed down to Catholic\nChurches. These churches were very powerful and played a very important role in\nchanging the demography of the Quebec. Many Europeans ran to New France, to\nsave themselves from feudalism, which was prevalent then in Europe. By the end of the 1600s, there were 20,000 French\nsettlers all the way from the European nations. By 1700s the influence of\nBritishers also increased in North of America. After which both the nations involved\nin war. Britishers won the war and took\nover the Quebec. The citizens of Quebec were having no problem as long as there\nwas French Legal System and the until they were allowed to speak French. After\nAmerica got independence, their goal was to liberate Quebec from the claws of\nBritishers. They won the war in Montreal, but got defeated in Quebec. High\nCommissioner of Canada Lord Durham united Upper and Lower Canada, with a single\ngoverning body in Montreal, which then was moved to Toronto. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then in the year 1867, the dominion of\nCanada came into existence. Though it\nbecame a country, its foreign affair was still subject to United Kingdom power.\nQuebec was governed by the Churches, mainly like hospitals, charities and French-language schools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So then, a lot of rebellion activity took place in Quebec in order to gain\nautonomy for the French population from\nthe so-called, centralization move of\nCanada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Canada\u2019s first president was French, it\nshows that Canadian society had always\nbeen a diversified and followed federal ideology. There came the time of\ndepression, at that time, Quebecians god much greater belief in Church and the\nrebel became very rampant in order to save from changing world. Later on, Quebec, liberalized, secularized and\nstarted to globalise. By then Quebec had two referenda\nin which they failed with a slight\nmargin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-067cb08b-cc28-4126-997d-1b2c2d3e4a3d\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_The_extent_of_federal_autonomy_and_diversity_in_provincial_government\"><\/span>5. The extent of federal autonomy and diversity in provincial government-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The ideology of Federalism is the <em>separation of power<\/em> and <em>promotion of diversity.<\/em> To implement a\npolicy in the federal nation, there is a\nneed for coordinating policies across the\ngovernment and this is one of the major intergovernmental challenges faced by the\nmodern federation. In easy language,\nvarious governments will align the structure of the policy implementation in\norder to ensure the horizontal objectives, i.e., the whole of the federal nation will be achieving its objective\nby the intergovernmental coordination.<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0 In Canadian Federalism, intergovernmental relations\nare not much like the groups of dyadic relationship; of the executive of\nfederal government and the executive of the provincial government. It is very\ndifficult to achieve coordination because of the jurisdictional autonomy, which\nis provided to provinces is protected by the Canadian Constitution from any\nkind of federal encroachment.<a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>There\nare very few areas of concurrent powers. Canada is also known as\n\u201cjurisdictional federation\u201d, emphasizing the fact that provincial governments\nhave the ideology that cooperation is unworkable and is of no use.<a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>\nSo the provincial governance is actually\nvery self-centric and doesn\u2019t withstand\nany encroachment from the federal\ngovernment, contrary to what has been argued and endorsed by the author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If we study, and see an example, to\nunderstand the extent of autonomy, provinces were having that, there was very\nlimited and restricted encroachment of the federal\ngovernment upon provinces. The British North America Act, 1967 (Canadian\nConstitution) gave specific powers in the hands of provinces for exclusive\ncontrol over their regional functions.<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>\nThis shows that how the Canadian\nConstitution has demarcated a line, which let the provincial government deal\nwith the regional politics, staying away from\nthe federal government away. Yet another\nexample of an excellent federal autonomy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-fa84a6d2-1beb-4dcc-bba1-1df6318dda1c\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Royal_Commission_on_Federal_Government_and_provincial_relations\"><\/span>6. Royal Commission on Federal Government and provincial relations.-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i\"><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_What_is_the_Royal_Commission\"><\/span>C.\u00a0\u00a0 What is the Royal Commission?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A royal commission is just like an inquiry\ncommittee, which will investigate upon a certain matter, such matter for which\npolicy has to be made and such investigation will be impartial in nature, and\nwill report the investigation to the cabinet. Such a recommendation is then taken into consideration by the cabinet. The\nreason they take the recommendation of Royal commission into consideration is\ndue to the fact, that the commissioner of the Royal Commissioner is not any\npolitician but an expert on the field, the Royal Commission is working upon. For example,\nif this is the matter of health care, then the appointment of the commissioner\nwill be of the person having health care\nskills. In this case, Royal commission is made under the <em>Inquiries Act<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Role_and_Importance_of_the_Royal_Commission\"><\/span>D.\u00a0 Role and Importance of the Royal Commission.-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Royal Commission has been very keen and\nhas been a very important mean for maintaining a proper structure of\nFederalism. Under the instruction of Parliament, Canadian Government formed Royal Commission in August 1937 to study\nof the problems of Canadian Federalism. In the Canadian\ncontext, there is a great role in the\npart of Royal Commission in the matter of\nsocial policy development, as due to of their influence upon the social policy\nmaker. It is not like that their recommendations are binding upon the social\npolicy maker, but again Royal Commission is one of the most influential bodies\nthat contribute to shaping the nature of\nPolicies.<a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>\nCommissions upheld the demands of Public that channelizes the political energy\ntoward the \u201cvision of the social whole\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\nThe royal commission has been the part of\nthe force that has shaped the Canadian public policy.<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>For\nexample, Canada\u2019s current health system can be said the creation of the Royal\nCommission\u2019s role played by the discussion of Health Care of 1964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-28819141-5b00-4f00-acaf-0819c32f7257\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Rowell-Sirois_Commission%E2%80%99s_support_for_Federal_Structure\"><\/span>7. Rowell-Sirois Commission\u2019s support for Federal Structure <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-2\"><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Establishment_of_Rowell-Sirois_Commission\"><\/span>E.\u00a0\u00a0 Establishment of Rowell-Sirois Commission<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The 19<sup>th<\/sup> century was the time when health was subject to individual\nadministration and hospitals were subject to a religious\ngroup.<a href=\"#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>\nIn 1867, the main\nhealth problem persisting was that of cholera, smallpox and typhus, and the\nonly control available was maritime quarantine.<a href=\"#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>\nProvinces, as well as federal power, had established their own department of\nhealth in around 1919. In 1930 due to Depression, when provinces were\nfinancially breaking down, these provinces turned toward federal government for\nhelp and to the response of such help, the\ngovernment had given out around one billion dollars in 10 year, i.e., from 1931 to\n1941 as grant-in-aid to the provinces. This shows that how there existed the\nsystem where no one is forcibly intervening to anyone&#8217;s jurisdiction. Further, in order to support the provincial\npolicies, during 1935, the federal\ngovernment came up with, the Employment and Social Insurance Act, which was introduced for the purpose of providing\nsocial security benefits which included health benefits. Further provinces were\nnot comfortable with this instance and then that act was declared ultra vires on the British North America Act,\nthe reason it because, social security is a provincial\njurisdiction. And then the controversy started, somehow ironically no one was\nencroaching on other&#8217;s jurisdiction. And then after to clarify the issue, the\nRowell Sirois Commission was established.<a href=\"#_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>\nCommission elaborated the ambit of health care issue and discussed about the role of the province as well as the state\nin the development of comprehensive\nhealth care matter. This report was not taken into consideration; the reason for this could be that this report was\nfocusing on the recommendation of centralization;\nmaybe the object of the report was for proper policy execution. But Canadian\nfederalism, now being a robust ideology is for a reason that it didn\u2019t let the\nRowell Commission report to influence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-e95edc2b-ee0e-426e-88d2-9063a3d20a66\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Halls_Commission%E2%80%99s_support_for_Federal_Structure\"><\/span>8. Halls Commission\u2019s support for Federal Structure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike Rowell report, this report\ndidn\u2019t dig too much on federalism. This commission also triumphs the role of the province\nfor provincial health policies and not the federal government. One of the\nrecommendations was that health care,\nwill be under the private sector or with the\nlocal authority.<a href=\"#_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\nAnd the Federal government shall not\nassume any rights, other than the rights given by constitution on healthcare\narea. Halls Commission was affirmative of only one extension of healthcare segment and that was the funding for\nsuch healthcare policy propounding from provinces.<a href=\"#_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>\nHall commission was affirmative for the provincial administration over the\nissue of health as per their preferences. Commission supported the goal for the\nnon fiscal role of federal Government\nover health segment in future, or if federal government still gives fiscal support to the provinces, it would be barred from taxing the subject which is\nexclusively for provinces, in this case,\nit is health policy. Even though Hall commission stated about the fiscal support of the federal government to the province,\nit cannot be regarded as absolute defederalization.\nAs it is from historic time, that province took benefit from the federal\ngovernment who has fiscal might over the provinces. So mere help cannot be regarded as <em>defederalization of Canadian Health Policy.<\/em>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-0e8771d0-d70a-4f9b-9a62-a82f9b80ca77\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Health_Care_Policy_in_Canada\"><\/span>9. Health Care Policy in Canada.-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Historically, the provincial government has been invested more\nwith the power to manage and regulate health care issues rather than that of the\nfederal government.<a href=\"#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is the concept of <em>upward diffusion<\/em>,\nfor instance, during the 1960s, there was\none health care plan and that was Canadian universal health care coverage, this\npolicy first emerged at the provincial\nlevel. Later on Federal government started to finance this and encourage this\nplan, and later on also provided the guidelines for the provincial plan.<a href=\"#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a>This\ngovernmental behaviour can be understood\nas <em>upward diffusion.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The prevalence of the phenomena of <em>upward diffusion<\/em> has to lead to provincial autonomy in the field of health care policy. There was a shift on the\nworking of the mechanism, mechanism which was prevalent in running of health\ncare policy, which was after the passage of universal health care coverage in\nthe province of Saskatchewan in 1962.<a href=\"#_ftn25\">[25]<\/a>\nConsidering the fact that provincial autonomy, leading to self-administration and creation of a system by\nthe state is recognized; due to the fact\nthat federal government funds to such provincial system. Due to which Canada\ndoes not have a single centralized health\ncare system but it has ten provincial and three healthcare\nsystems.<a href=\"#_ftn26\">[26]<\/a>Here,\nafter the passage of universal health\ncare coverage in Saskatchewan, same\nhealth care coverage was followed by the rest\nof the Canada.<a href=\"#_ftn27\">[27]<\/a>\nFrom here and on <em>horizontal diffusion <\/em>became\nevident. This has resulted in inter-provincial\ncoordination. Furthermore, to strengthen this inter-provincial\ncoordination and unifying ties between these province, the federal government passed Canada Health Act in 1984, which had five\nunderlying principles that must be accomplished to receive the federal funding,<a href=\"#_ftn28\">[28]<\/a>\nand these principles are as.-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>It\nmust be of universal application<\/li><li>It\nmust be comprehensive<\/li><li>It\nmust be accessible<\/li><li>It\nmust be portable<\/li><li>It\nmust be publicly administered.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Federal government has been traditionally\nfunding to the provincial government policy since the time the idea of Canadian\nFederalism was robust, in that time; there was very less coordination among\nprovinces, which changed in 1984, after passing of Canada Health Act, it was\nthe first successful step to harmonize the coordination among provinces without\neroding the federal values. So we can\u2019t say that mere interference of federal\ngovernment in order to harmonize the inter-provincial relationship, which is\neven noncohesive in nature doesn\u2019t amount to an erosion\nof federal values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-87f00bc1-4f5e-4dfd-b867-5f714c1a2a1a\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Why_there_is_the_need_for_collaboration_between_Federal_Government_and_provinces_in_the_healthcare_sector\"><\/span>10. Why there is the need for collaboration between Federal Government and provinces in the healthcare sector?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1982, the Supreme Court of Canada\nruled that \u201chealth is a type of matter which shouldn\u2019t be treated as a mere\nconstitutional assignment, the reason, is that the matter is not a solid but\namorphous in nature, which can be deal\nonly with a valid federal or provincial legislation and the method of\naddressing the matter will depend as the case pertaining to this matter are\ndynamic nature. So in some category of cases,\nit will need federal-provincial cooperation.<a href=\"#_ftn29\">[29]<\/a>And such cooperation is not eroding\nthe federal values of the state. It is only the role that the federal government is playing in order to make\nthe provincial health care policy a success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The topic \u201chealth\u201d,<a href=\"#_ftn30\">[30]<\/a>\nis a very wide term, which encompasses the mere definition of constitutional\nassignment, it is more of the amorphous\ntopic, which entirely encompasses the federal as well as provincial jurisdiction.<a href=\"#_ftn31\">[31]<\/a>\nIt requires the cooperative federalism for proper implementation of health care\npolicy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S. 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867,\nprovides power to federal government over the peace, order and good government\nof Canada; these matters extends to public health also, that matter which has attained the national interest or if it is\nthe matter pertaining to an emergency.<a href=\"#_ftn32\">[32]<\/a>The\nPrivy Council has put the matter of \u201cepidemic of pestilence\u201d, in the category\nof matter pertaining to an emergency,<a href=\"#_ftn33\">[33]<\/a>hence\nto such matters it will be the federal government who will be playing the role\nin making of such policy. As stated earlier, topic \u201chealth\u201d is of very wide\nterm and has a great importance, Federal power deals with criminal conduct and\nit is federal government only which will play the role in punishing someone,\nproducing or selling products like narcotics and tobacco, which is hazardous to\npublic health,<a href=\"#_ftn34\">[34]<\/a>here we\ncan see that how the matter of \u201chealth\u201d is broad in current context. That\u2019s why\nthis topic of health is considered as amorphous and matter which is this big,\nshould have to be dealt with cooperation and hence cooperative federalism comes\nto play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Cooperative_Federalism\"><\/span>11. Cooperative Federalism.-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Constitution recommends for the eleven\nlegislative bodies each engaged in policymaking,\nimplementing, etc. in their jurisdictional limits independently. However, in\nmany fields, it needs more than the\neffort of just one single legislative\nbody for an effective policy making and it\u2019s implementing. Particularly for the\nprovision, which deals with humanitarian sentiments, for example, health, education, income maintenance\nand other public services are some of the matter. Notably, health is also one\nof them. The nexus of relationships between the executive\nof central government and executive of regional government gives the essence of\nfederalism and through these relationships,\nthe course of consultation exists. It is due to cooperative federalism, that\nthere is a shift of the wealth from\nricher provinces to poorer provinces, or health\ncare management. It is required that inter-governmental relations\ncontinue for proper policy-making and its\nimplementation. It is known that intergovernmental relation is the essence of the\nfederation, but the interesting part is that these intergovernmental relations are the results of informal arrangements,\nwhich as the name suggest has no foundation in any statute or in Constitution.\nOne of the most important and popular kinds\nof such informal arrangement is \u201cfirst ministers\u201d conferences.<a href=\"#_ftn35\">[35]<\/a>Federal-Provincial\nrelations are settled in these kinds of conferences.<a href=\"#_ftn36\">[36]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 And these cooperation proves to be\nvery successful in proper working of a federation. Absolute\ncompartmentalization amounts to nothing but tension. Hence it is wrong to say\nthat, cooperative federalism amounts to defederalization.\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-7b74cc67-eef9-4006-99d4-a55577d0017a\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Distribution_of_Powers\"><\/span>12. Distribution of Powers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Constitution Act, 1867, ss. 91 and\n92 lay downs the principles of \u201cDistribution of power\u201d, \u00a0\u00a0between\nthe federal Parliament and the provincial Legislature. Here section 91 chalks\nout the list of laws which is to be tried by federal parliament and section 92\ngives the list of laws which is to be tried by provincial legislatures. Section\n91 and 92 gives the classification of law and the matter of such law, which is <em>pith and substance <\/em>of the law, helps the\nmatter to be judicially reviewed.<a href=\"#_ftn37\">[37]<\/a>\nHere comes the role of judicial review. When there is a law, and when validity\nof law is under Judicial Review, then court has two step process to test it out.\nFirst step is to see the pith and substance of the challenged law and second is\nto see, classification of law, which is to see, if the challenged law has been\nthe subject matter of other power or not.<a href=\"#_ftn38\">[38]<\/a>\nSo if there comes a law, which violates this principle of separation of power,\ncourt will automatically exterminate that law. So there comes no question of\nFederal government heading toward centralization of power by the mean of any\nstatute or law, be it any health care laws etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-875ff774-ab32-4425-a7ec-71e6a83479e7\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_Conclusion\"><\/span>13. Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After, extensive research from various\nworks, it is clear that the essence of Federalism is the separation of power,\nthat is province and centre are not encroaching upon each other, however there\nis the phenomena that is common in successful federation and that is cooperative\nfederalism, Where one has the better understanding of region that is regional\ngovernment and other one the centre has the resource. This paper walks the\nreader through the instance where the Canada had robust federal structure and\nthen it went to the level where it followed cooperative federalism. Though\nthere are very less Royal Commissions made for inquiring about healthcare,\nmajority of these Royal Commissions has held the provincial hand over the\ncentral government on matters regarding Healthcare. As these commissions were\nnot of the view that, there is any encroachment from central government over\nprovincial regime and considering the fact that non coercive application of\nfederal government\u2019s power over provincial government proves that there was\napplication of cooperative federalism. There is nothing like that, if there is\nany erosion of Canadian Federalism. Canadian Federalism was robust in past and\nnow it is flexible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading\" id=\"uagb-adv-heading-95e732e4-53e0-4b21-af95-c17a9bd2e829\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"14_Further_comments\"><\/span>14. Further comments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3><div class=\"uagb-separator-wrap\"><div class=\"uagb-separator\"><\/div><\/div><p class=\"uagb-desc-text\"><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>While the Author has\nused <em>Health Sector<\/em> to justify his\nresearch of Canadian Federalism heading toward defederalization, it would have\nbetter that, further research would have committed on other various important\nsectors like Distribution of Powers consisting of Court\u2019s power on Judicial\nReview on Federal Ground. As it keep check over the central aggression over the\nprovincial autonomy. Canadian Federalism is heading toward a path which ensures\nthe robust federalism, which is now coupled with cooperative Federalism.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\nR.L. Watts, <em>Comparing Federal Systems <\/em>(2<sup>nd<\/sup>\ned., 1999)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\nLivingston, <em>Federalism and Constitutional\nChange <\/em>(1956), 4; W.H. Riker, <em>Federalisim:\nOrigin, Operation, Significance<\/em> (Little, Brown, Boston, 1964), 5. Riker\nargues that the degree of centralization in any federal state may be measured\nby the degree of centralization in the organization of the political parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\nWheare, <em>Federal Government <\/em>(4<sup>th<\/sup>\ned., 1963).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\nBirch, <em>Federalism, Finance and Social\nLegislation <\/em>(1955), 306.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\nM.J.C. Vile, <em>The Structure of American\nFederalism <\/em>(Oxford, 1961), 198-199.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\nSmith, <em>Federalism and the Constitution of\nCanada <\/em>(2010)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\n<em>New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann\u00a0 <\/em>(1932) 285 U.S. 262 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\nJ. Proudhon, <em>The Principle of Federation <\/em>(1863)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\nDicey, <em>The Law of the Constitution <\/em>(10<sup>th<\/sup>\ned., 1965)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Rocher,\nSelf-determination and the Use of Referendums: the Case of Quebec,\nInternational Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 27, No. 1 (March,\n2014), pp. 25-45<em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\nWilliam D. Coleman,\u00a0<em>The Political Economy of Policy\nCoordination: International Adjustment since 1945Michael C. Webb Ithaca, N.Y.:\nCornell University Press, 1995, pp. xvi, 269<\/em>,\n29\u00a0Canadian Journal of Political Science\u00a0172\u2013174 (1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\nHerman\nBakvis &#038; Douglas Brown, <em>Policy Coordination in Federal Systems: Comparing\nIntergovernmental Processes and Outcomes in Canada and the United States<\/em>,\n40 Publius 484\u2013507 (2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\nFenna, Alan. 2007. The malaise of federalism: Comparative reflections on\ncommonwealth- state relations. <em>Australian\nJournal of Public administration<\/em> 66: 298- 306<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\n<em>The British North America Act, 1867, Sec.\n91 and 92.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\nJenson, Jane. 1994. Commissioning ideas: representation and royal commissions,\nin. In <em>How Ottawa Spends 1994- 1995:\nMaking Change, <\/em>ed. Susan D. Phillips, 39-69. Ottawa: Carleton University\nPress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\nBradford, Neil. 1999. Writing public philosophy: Canada\u2019s royal commissions on\neverything. <em>Journal of Canadian Studies <\/em>34\n(4): 136- 167<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\nGraefe, Peter, and Andrew Bourns. 2009. The gradual defederalization of\nCanadian health policy. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 39 (1): 187-209<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\nAnita L. Kozyrskyj,\u00a0<em>HISTORY OF\nPUBLIC HEALTH IN CANADA<\/em>, 87\u00a0Canadian Journal of Public Health10\u201312 (1996),\nhttps:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/41991588.pdf?refreqid=search:941c6d7657e0871bde07a6452d3bbc3f\n(accessed Sep 23, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>\u00a0 Meilicke CA, Storch JL., <em>Perspectives on Canadian Health and Social Services Policy: History and\nEmerging Trends, <\/em>Ann Arbor: Health Administration Press, 1980; 142-59<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\nBothwell RS. The Health of the Common People, in: English J, Stubbs JO, eds.,\nMackenzie King: Widening the Debate. Toronto: The MacMillan Company of Canada,\n1977; 192, 195.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\nRoyal Commission on Health Services 1964, Report, Ottawa: Queen\u2019s Printer. P.\n872<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\n<em>Ibid at p.87<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>\nLeeson, Howard. 2004. Constitutional jurisdiction over health care. In <em>The governance of health care in Canada:\nRomanow Papers, Volume 3, <\/em>ed. Tom McIntosh, Pierre Gerlier Forest, and\nGregory P. Marchildon, 50-82. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>\nMaioni, Antonia. 2002. Health care in the new millennium. In <em>Canadian federalism: performance,\neffectiveness and legitimacy<\/em>, ed. Herman Bakvis and Grace Skogstad, 87-104.\nLondon: Oxford University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>\nRomanow, Roy. 2002. Building on values: The future of health care in Canada.\nHtti:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/healthcare\/final_report.pdf (accessed September 9, 2018)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>\nMaioni, Antonia. 2002. Health care in the new millennium. In <em>Canadian federalism: performance,\neffectiveness and legitimacy, <\/em>ed. Herman Bakvis and Grace Skogstad, 87-104.\nLondon: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\nAbel-Smith, Brian (1987).\u00a0 \u201cSocial\nwelfare; Social Security; Benefits in kind; National health schemes\u201d. <em>The new Encyclopedia Britannica <\/em>(15<sup>th<\/sup>\ned.). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-443-7.\u00a0 (accessed September 10, 2018)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>\nJennissen, Therese. 1992. Health issues in rural Canada. <a href=\"http:\/\/dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca\/Collection-R\/LoPBdP\/BP\/bp325-e.htm\">http:\/\/dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca\/Collection-R\/LoPBdP\/BP\/bp325-e.htm<\/a>\n(accessed September7, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>\nChenier, Nancy Miller. 2000. The federal role in rural health. <a href=\"http:\/\/dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca\/Collection-R\/LoPBdP\/BP\/prb0020-e.htm\">http:\/\/dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca\/Collection-R\/LoPBdP\/BP\/prb0020-e.htm<\/a>\n(accessed September 12, 2018) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>\nA.\u00a0 Lajoie and P.A. Molinari, \u201cPartage\nconstitutionnel des cometences en mmatiere de sant\u00e9 au Canada\u201d (1978) 56 Can.\nBar Rev. 579; J. Downie, T. Caulfield and C.M. Flood (eds.), <em>Canadian Health Law and Policy <\/em>(Buttersworths,\nToronto, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed., 2002), esp. ch. 1 by C.M. Flood<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>\n<em>Schneider v. The Queen <\/em>[1982] 2\nS.C.R. 112, 142; <em>RJR-MacDonald v. Can. <\/em>[1995]\n3 S.C.R. 199, para. 32<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>\nChapter 17, Peace, Order, and Good Government, <em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a>\n<em>Toronto Electric Cmmrs. V. Snider <\/em>[1925]\nQ.C. 396, 412<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a>\n<em>Can v. PHS Community Services Society <\/em>[2011]\n3 S.C.R. 134<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a>\nDwivedi (ed.), <em>Public Policy and\nAdministrative Studies <\/em>(U. of Guleph, 1988), vol. 5, 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>\nPeter W. Hogg,\u00a0Constitutional\nlaw of Canada\u00a0(2000).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a> D. W. Mundell, \u201cTests for\nValidity of Legislation under the B.N.A. Act\u201d (1954) 32 Can. Bar Rev. 813;\nB.Laskin, \u201cTest for validity of legislation: What\u2019s the \u2018Matter\u2019?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a> Laskin, <em>Canadian Constitutional Law <\/em>(5<sup>th<\/sup> ed., 1986 by\nFinkelstein), 242.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rohit Pradhan | 3rd October 2019 This Article is response to the Author Peter Graefe and Andrew Bourns work\u2019s The Gradual Defederalization of Canadian Health Policy. Author\u2019s observation is that the federal value of the state has eroded to the extent that, it has lost the essence of federalism.\u00a0 This Article criticizes the observations made [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":221,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[36],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Gradual Defederalization of Canadian Health Policy - LexForti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-gradual-defederalization-of-canadian-health-policy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Gradual Defederalization of Canadian Health Policy - LexForti\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rohit Pradhan | 3rd October 2019 This Article is response to the Author Peter Graefe and Andrew Bourns work\u2019s The Gradual Defederalization of Canadian Health Policy. 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