{"id":243,"date":"2020-04-23T10:29:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=243"},"modified":"2021-01-17T12:14:32","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T12:14:32","slug":"shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/","title":{"rendered":"Shah Bano Case: Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code is secular in nature"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Charu Singhal | Bharati Vidyapeeth University | 20th October 2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MOHD. AHMED KHAN V.\nSHAH BANO BEGUM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DATE OF JUDGMENT<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\n23 April, 1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CITATION<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\n1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCR (3) 844<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BENCH<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Chandrachud, Y.V. (CJ), Desai, D.A (J),\nReddy, O. Chinnappa (J), Venkataramiah, E.S. (J), Misra Rangnath (J)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a22452b73186\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a22452b73186\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#FACTS_OF_THE_CASE\" title=\"FACTS OF THE CASE\">FACTS OF THE CASE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#LEGAL_ISSUES\" title=\"LEGAL ISSUES\">LEGAL ISSUES<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#JUDGEMENT\" title=\"JUDGEMENT\">JUDGEMENT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#CRITICAL_APPRAISAL\" title=\"CRITICAL APPRAISAL:\">CRITICAL APPRAISAL:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#Whether_Section_125_of_the_CrPC_applies_to_Muslims\" title=\"Whether Section 125 of the CrPC applies to Muslims.\">Whether Section 125 of the CrPC applies to Muslims.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#Whether_the_payment_of_Mahr_by_the_husband_on_divorce_is_sufficient_enough_to_rid_him_of_any_duty_to_pay_maintenance_to_the_wife\" title=\"Whether the payment of Mahr by the husband on divorce is sufficient enough to rid him of any duty to pay maintenance to the wife.\">Whether the payment of Mahr by the husband on divorce is sufficient enough to rid him of any duty to pay maintenance to the wife.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/#CONCLUSION\" title=\"CONCLUSION\">CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FACTS_OF_THE_CASE\"><\/span><strong>FACTS OF THE CASE<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The appellant, who was an advocate by\nprofession, was married to the respondent in 1932. Three sons and two daughters\nwere born of that marriage. He divorced his wife; the reason being disputes\nbetween Shah Bano\u2019s children and her husband\u2019s other wife. As per Muslim\npersonal law, he paid rupees 3000 to his divorced wife during the period of\niddat.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In April 1978, the respondent filed a petition against the appellant under\u00a0Sec. 125\u00a0of the Code in the court of the learned Judicial Magistrate (First Class), Indore asking for maintenance at the rate of Rs. 500 per month.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>On November 6, 1978 the appellant\ndivorced the respondent by an irrevocable talaq. His defence to the\nrespondent\u2019s petition for maintenance was that she had ceased to be his wife by\nreason of the divorce granted by him, he was therefore under no obligation to\nprovide maintenance to her and also that he had already paid maintenance to her\nat the rate of Rs. 200 per month for about two years and that, he had deposited\na sum of Rs. 3000 in the court by way of dower during the period the of iddat. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In August, 1979 the learned Magistrate\ndirected appellant to pay a princely sum of Rs. 25 per month to the respondent\nby way of maintenance. It may be mentioned that the respondent had alleged that\nthe appellant earns a professional income of about Rs. 60,000 per year. In\nJuly, 1980, in a revision application filed by the respondent, the High Court\nof Madhya Pradesh enhanced the amount of maintenance to Rs. 179.20 per month. <\/li><li>Her former husband, Mohammed Ali Khan\npetitioned the Supreme Court in 1981 to challenge the decision of the High\nCourt.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LEGAL_ISSUES\"><\/span><strong>LEGAL ISSUES<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Whether\u00a0section\n125\u00a0of the Code applies to Muslims also as has been concluded by two\ndecisions of this Court which are reported in\u00a0<em>Bai Tahira v. Ali Hussain Fidalli Chothia<a href=\"#_ftn1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Fazlunbi v. K. Khader Vali.<a href=\"#_ftn2\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Whether\nthe payment of Mahr by the husband on divorce is sufficient enough to rid him\nof any duty to pay maintenance to his wife.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"JUDGEMENT\"><\/span><strong>JUDGEMENT<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Constitutional Bench delivered\na unanimous verdict and upheld the decision of the High Court. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The court alluded to the religious\nneutrality of Section 125 of CrPC stating the religion of the spouses was\nwholly irrelevant as the purpose of this section was to protect dependents from\nvagrancy and destitution and hence, there was no reason to exclude Muslims from\nits ambit. Section 125\u00a0is secular in nature and would prevail over the\npersonal law of the parties, in cases where they is any conflict.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The\nCourt refused to accept that an order for maintenance under Section 125\ncould be struck down by Section 127 only for the mere fact that the\nhusband had made a payment to the wife at the time of divorce under the\nconcerned personals laws. The court thus looked into the meaning of \u2018Mahr\u2019\nand inferred that it was not a payment that the husband was liable to make\nto a Muslim women on divorce but was instead an amount that a wife was\nentitled to in respect of consideration of marriage. The court held that\nit was only paid on divorce but the meaning of it was rather different and\nthe payment of Mahr was no bar to the Court awarding maintenance. The\ncourt also referred to the Quran during its interpretation that husbands\nwere bound by the duty to maintain their wives. The Supreme Court thus\nallowed maintenance of Rs. 179.20 per month.<\/li><li>Though\nBai Tahira was correctly decided, we would like, respectfully, to draw\nattention to an error which has crept in the judgment There is a statement\nat page 80 of the report, in the context of\u00a0Sec. 127\u00a0(3)(b),\nthat \u201cpayment of Mahr money, as a customary discharge, is within the\ncognizance of that provision\u201d. We have taken the view that Mahr, not being\npayable on divorce, does not fall within the meaning of that provision.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Court also expressed anguish in\nview of Article 44 of Indian Constitution in relation to bringing of Uniform\nCivil Code in India as it remained a dead letter and held that a common civil\ncode will help the cause of national integration by removing disparate\nloyalties to laws with conflicting ideologies. The honorable court emphasized\nand clearly stated in its judgment that the fact that fragmentary attempts of\nthe court to bridge the gap between personal laws cannot take the place of a\ncommon civil code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Supreme Court further held that\n\u201cfor these reasons, we dismiss the appeal and confirm the judgment of the High\nCourt. The appellant will pay the costs of the appeal to respondent, which we\nquantify at rupees ten thousand. It is needless to add that it would be open to\nthe respondent to make an application under\u00a0Sec. 127(1)\u00a0of the\nCode\u00a0for increasing the allowance of maintenance granted to her on proof\nof a change in the circumstances as envisaged by that section.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CRITICAL_APPRAISAL\"><\/span><strong>CRITICAL APPRAISAL:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>To give a just appraisal of the judgment\nit is important to have a little backdrop of the time back when this judgment\nwas delivered (April 1985). Muslim Women were not as educated and\nself-dependent like the rest of the Woman. Education was denied to them and\nthey were not allowed to work either, hence post-divorce the\u00a0need for\nmaintenance only became greater. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In India there are different\npersonal laws governing each community like Muslim Laws are governed by their\nown Personal laws, Hindu Laws are governed by the Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu\nSuccession Act. These personal laws are not penalizing in nature. For example,\nadultery becomes a ground of divorce and Judicial Separation. But if you want\nyour husband to be punished for adultery, you have to resort IPC (Indian Penal\nCode). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The case that we are dealing with\nwas no unique case and similar judgments had been delivered by the Supreme\nCourt earlier too but what made this judgment a landmark one was the fact that\nit questioned the sanctity of personal religious laws, brought on the <em>debate on a Uniform Civil Code (UCC)<\/em> for\nall religions and the controversy of whether the CrPC prevails over personal\nlaws. Now dealing with the main issues that the judgment dealt with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whether_Section_125_of_the_CrPC_applies_to_Muslims\"><\/span><strong>Whether Section 125 of the CrPC applies to Muslims.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Section 125 of the Criminal\nProcedure Code talks about\u00a0a wife who is without any income, has no source\nof income and is neglected by her husband is entitled to maintenance, which\nincludes a divorced wife who is not remarried. But according to the Muslim\npersonal laws a husband is entitled to pay the wife the entire Mahr amount or\nany maintenance during the Iddat Period. After the expiration of the Iddat\nperiod the husband\u2019s responsibility is over and he is not liable to pay his\ndivorced wife anything. This was the argument resorted to by the Appellant\u2019s counsel\nbut the court clarified that irrespective of what the personal law was CrPC was\nreligiously neutral and applied the same way for every Indian citizen\nirrespective of the personal law that governs them. They further added that the\nsubject areas covered by the personal law and CrPC were different. The Muslim\nlaw only spoke about making it mandatory for the husband to pay the wife the\nentire Mahr amount during the Iddat Period and not about a situation where the\nwife is unable to maintain herself after the completion of the period while she\nis still unmarried and in such a situation the wife will have to resort to\nSection 125 of the CrPC for seeking help of the court. In any situation it was\ndeclared that whenever the CrPC and Personal laws would collide the former\nwould prevail. Hence the court concluded that Section 125 of CrPC would apply\nto anyone irrespective of their religion and hence for the aforementioned\nreasons it is applicable to Muslims too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whether_the_payment_of_Mahr_by_the_husband_on_divorce_is_sufficient_enough_to_rid_him_of_any_duty_to_pay_maintenance_to_the_wife\"><\/span><strong>Whether the payment of Mahr by the husband on divorce is sufficient enough to rid him of any duty to pay maintenance to the wife.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The Appellant said that since the\nhe had already paid the wife the complete Mahr amount and the maintenance\namount for the 2 years when she lived away from him he was not entitled to pay\nany more money to her in form of alimony or maintenance as the Iddat Period was\nover. The Appellant further argued that the order passed by the High court\nunder Section 125 should be cancelled under Section 127 as he had already paid\nthe entire Mahr amount on divorce as per the personal Laws. The court reached\nthe conclusion that Sec. 127(3)(b) says if a woman has been divorced and the\nhusband has paid any sum on or before the date of the said order that he has to\npay according to a customary law then in the situation any further orders are\nnot to be found applicable. This Mahr amount is not a payment for divorce but\ninstead considered to be an amount that the wife is entitled to as\nconsideration for marriage. The mere fact the Mahr amount was paid at the time\nof dissolution of marriage did not mean that it was paid because the marriage\nwas being dissolved. The wife is entitled to that money since the day they were\nmarried. The court even proved this point by interpreting the sections of the\nQuran that said a man who believed in Allah and was a true Muslim had a duty to\nmaintain his wife with dignity as she was now his responsibility. Hence this\namount was not to be considered as a sum paid in form of alimony or maintenance\nwhich meant he was not rid of any duty to pay maintenance to the wife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>This judgment expressed the <em>dissatisfaction over the legislative\u2019s\nfailure to establish a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens<\/em>. The judgment\nwas way ahead its time hence created an uproar amongst the Muslim population of\nIndia who believed that the Supreme Court did not give regard to the Muslim\nPersonal Laws. The pressure and uproar amongst the people caused the\nlegislation to pass the <em>Muslim Women\n(Protection of Rights in Divorce) Act, 1986 (MWA) to nullify the SC\u2019s Shah Bano\nJudgment<\/em>, purely due to vote bank politics. This law contrary to its name\nlimited the rights of Muslim women to the extent that the husband\u2019s liability\ntowards the wife would remain only to the extent of the Iddat Period during\nwhich the wife can ask for lump sum maintenance for the rest of her life and\nthe complete Mahr amount within the 3 months. <em>The act successfully deprived the women the right to claim maintenance\nunder Section 125.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though the judgment was nullified\nby the enactment of the MWA the court in future judgments claimed that a\ndivorced Muslim woman is free to either seek maintenance under section 125 of\nthe CrPC or claim lump sum alimony under the MWA. The Supreme Court has found a\nway to impart reasonable and just judgment even amongst the dirty vote bank\npolitics and religious sensitivity that India suffers owing to its secular\nnature.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> 1979 AIR 362, 1979 SCR (2) 75<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> 1980 AIR 1730, 1980 SCR (3)1127<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Charu Singhal | Bharati Vidyapeeth University | 20th October 2019 MOHD. AHMED KHAN V. SHAH BANO BEGUM DATE OF JUDGMENT: 23 April, 1985 CITATION: 1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCR (3) 844 BENCH: Chandrachud, Y.V. (CJ), Desai, D.A (J), Reddy, O. Chinnappa (J), Venkataramiah, E.S. (J), Misra Rangnath (J) FACTS OF THE CASE The appellant, who [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":244,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[101,34,85,68,105,26],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Shah Bano Case: Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code is secular in nature - LexForti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/shah-bano-case-section-125-of-criminal-procedure-code-is-secular-in-nature\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Shah Bano Case: Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code is secular in nature - LexForti\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Charu Singhal | Bharati Vidyapeeth University | 20th October 2019 MOHD. AHMED KHAN V. SHAH BANO BEGUM DATE OF JUDGMENT: 23 April, 1985 CITATION: 1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCR (3) 844 BENCH: Chandrachud, Y.V. (CJ), Desai, D.A (J), Reddy, O. Chinnappa (J), Venkataramiah, E.S. 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