{"id":250,"date":"2020-04-23T10:29:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=250"},"modified":"2021-01-17T12:14:51","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T12:14:51","slug":"marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/","title":{"rendered":"Marital Rape exemption \u2013 An anachronistic impunity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p> <strong>Chanchal Dhakad | National Law Institute University | 23rd October 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a2245bc351c7\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a2245bc351c7\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#INTRODUCTION\" title=\"INTRODUCTION\">INTRODUCTION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#IRREVOCABLE_MARITAL_CONSENT\" title=\"IRREVOCABLE MARITAL CONSENT\">IRREVOCABLE MARITAL CONSENT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#EXEMPTION_NOT_ONLY_FROM_SEXUAL_INMTERCOURSE_BUT_ALL_SEXUAL_ACTS\" title=\"EXEMPTION NOT ONLY FROM SEXUAL INMTERCOURSE BUT ALL SEXUAL ACTS\">EXEMPTION NOT ONLY FROM SEXUAL INMTERCOURSE BUT ALL SEXUAL ACTS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#HACKNEYED_JUSTIFICATION_GIVEN_BY_UNION_AGAINST_DELETING_OF_EXCEPTION_OF_375\" title=\"HACKNEYED JUSTIFICATION GIVEN BY UNION AGAINST DELETING OF EXCEPTION OF 375 \">HACKNEYED JUSTIFICATION GIVEN BY UNION AGAINST DELETING OF EXCEPTION OF 375 <\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#Misuse_of_the_penal_provision_to_harass_innocent_husbands\" title=\"Misuse of the penal provision to harass innocent husbands\">Misuse of the penal provision to harass innocent husbands<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#Destroying_the_institution_of_marriage\" title=\"Destroying the institution of marriage\">Destroying the institution of marriage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#Marriage_as_private_affair\" title=\"Marriage as private affair\">Marriage as private affair<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#ABBETING_BRIDAL_TRAFFICING\" title=\"ABBETING BRIDAL TRAFFICING\">ABBETING BRIDAL TRAFFICING<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/#CONCLUSION\" title=\"CONCLUSION\">CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"INTRODUCTION\"><\/span>INTRODUCTION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Marital rape is a disgraceful offence that\nhas scarred the trust and confidence in the institution of marriage. Since\ninception, this term has led to hue and cry in India but has gained more pace\nrecently. However, criminalization of marital rape still seems to be a distant\ndream in India, anticipating the bizarre and ignominious behavior of the\npresent government. The harsh realization is that a huge chunk of women\npopulation has been facing the brunt of the non-criminalization of this ruthless\npractice. This is testimony to the fact that we live in a society of hidebound\nsentiments that echoes our innate societal misogyny, which over the years has\nbrought women to the heels. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This issue being unsettled and debatable,\nprompts us to delve into the realm of history of criminal law and its impact.\nBefore that, it is pertinent to know what is Marital Rape? Marital Rape refers\nto &#8220;unwanted intercourse by a man with his wife obtained by force, threat\nof force, or physical violence, or when she is unable to give consent. It is a\nnon-consensual act of violent perversion by a husband against the wife where\nshe is abused physically and sexually.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> When the word \u201cmarital\u201d adds to the word \u201cRape\u201d, scenario changes\naltogether. But why? Well, the reason is pretty simple. Marriage in India is\nlegal license for legalized prostitution. \u00a0It means that marital sexual intercourse done\nby husband with his wife without her consent or against her will or forcefully\nor by giving stupefying substance<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> or while intoxicated or while she is pregnant or with social\ncoercion (which is prevalent in India) is a lawful act in India. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally speaking, in Indian contact, we\nall know that most of the boys are virgin till marriage, with no sexual\neducation done but are left to resort to information they gather from books,\nmagazines, youth counselors, and through pornography, with its increasing\naccessibility in recent times. Those exposed to sexually implicit content on\nthe television and internet are more likely to initiate early lust, desires and\ndevelop fantasies. Viewing of both the nonviolent dehumanizing and the violent\nmaterials results in greater likelihood of engaging in rape and likelihood of\nengaging in coercive sexual acts after marriage as marriage gives legal license\nto do what one had seen. In doing so they tend to treat their wives more or\nless like prostitutes forcing them upon their wives on account of their\nirrevocable consent given by them at the time of their marriage. Irrespective\nof what she is going through may be periods, pregnancy, depression, agony or\nsome health issues she is made to do acts that are not just dehumanizing but\nalso loathsome, outraging her modesty and bereaving her of her dignity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just imagine the situation of a women in India from childhood. Welcomed crestfallenly, upbringed despondently, treated unfairly, regarded as part of another future family after marriage, considered a maid to help mother, given less amenities and finally forced into marriage to satisfy her husband. After marriage she is made to take a glass of milk with her to satisfy a stranger she doesn\u2019t know and is instructed to be submissive without infuriating him. With all the exquisite pillars of Indian romantic paternalism like female feticide, discrimination, dowry, domestic work with violence and marital rape, she is reared in patriarchy. Like other forms of domestic violence, marital rape is about exerting power and control over one\u2019s partner\u2019s body and integrity. It is a form of partner rape, domestic violence, intimate partner sexual aggression and sexual abuse. With the passage of time, education, development in civil-politial rights and socio-economic conditions, the situation has undergone a sea change. A law which could have been justified at the time of its enactment with the passage of time may become outdated and discriminatory with the evolution of society and changed circumstances. What may have once been a perfectly valid legislation meant to protect women in the historical background in which it was framed, with the passage of time of over a century and a half, may become obsolete and archaic<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The historical background in which Section\n375<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> was framed, which subjected women entirely to the guardianship of\ntheir husbands and considered women as mere chattel, is no longer relevant in\ncontemporary society. The exemption given to marital rape, as Justice Verma<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\nnoted, &#8220;stems from a long out-dated notion of marriage which regarded\nwives as no more than the property of their husbands&#8221;. Marital rape ought\nto be a crime and not a concept. Justice Indu Malhotra held<a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> that: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The time when wives were invisible to\nthe law, and lived in the shadows of their husbands, has long since gone. The\nlegislation that perpetuates such stereo-types in relationships, and institutionalizes\ndiscrimination is a clear violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed by\nPart III of the Constitution.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lord Keith in R v. R<a href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> declared: &#8211; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Marriage is in modern times regarded as\na partnership of equals, and no longer one in which the wife must be the\nsubservient chattel of the husband<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Justice Chandrachud held: &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Marriage \u2013 whether it be a sacrament or\ncontract \u2013 does not result in ceding of the autonomy of one spouse to another,\nconsiders a married woman the possession of her husband: a passive entity,\nbereft of agency to determine her course of life. This anachronistic conception\nof both, a woman who has entered into marriage as well as the institution of\nmarriage itself, is antithetical to constitutional values of equality, dignity\nand autonomy.<\/em><em> It is grounded in\npaternalism, solicitous of patriarchal values and subjugates the woman to a\nposition where the law disregards her sexuality.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IRREVOCABLE_MARITAL_CONSENT\"><\/span>IRREVOCABLE MARITAL CONSENT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Apart from property matters and the\navailability of matrimonial remedies, one of the most important changes is that\nmarriage is in modern times regarded as a partnership of equals, and no longer\none in which the wife must be the subservient chattel of the husband. Hale&#8217;s\nproposition<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\ninvolves that by marriage a wife gives her irrevocable consent to sexual\nintercourse with her husband under all circumstances and irrespective of the\nstate of her health or how she happens to be feeling at the time. In modern\ntimes any reasonable person must regard that conception as quite unacceptable.\nIn today\u2019s time however, the status of women, and the status of a married\nwoman, in our law have changed quite dramatically. A husband and wife are now\nfor all practical purposes equal partners in marriage and both husband and wife\nare tutors and curators of their children. A wife is not obliged to obey her\nhusband in all things nor to suffer excessive sexual demands on the part of her\nhusband<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>.\nNowadays it cannot seriously be maintained that by marriage a wife submits\nherself irrevocably to sexual intercourse in all circumstances. A marriage\nunder Hindu law is a sacred covenant where promises are made to each other by\ngroom and bride. Bridegroom promises to look after her and the bride promises\nto be faithful to him. These inherent differences and biases towards women are\nnow regarded as her consent. Actually, she doesn\u2019t specifically consent to her\nbeing ravished in bedroom but the so-called marriage institution assumes such\nconsent. The transfer of gift that is kanyadan is done by parents of bride, to\nbridegroom justifying the status of women as mere chattel. The mere promise of\nbeing faithful is considered to be irrevocable consent of sexual intercourse. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Indian courts should never embrace the notion of a\ngeneral consent to sexual intercourse given once and for all on marriage by\neither spouse. Each spouse has a mutual right to sexual intercourse provided\nthe right be exercised reasonably, subject to the health of the spouses and the\nexigencies of family life. It is a right to be exercised by consent. It is a\nright the exercise of which is intended to foster and maintain connubial love,\nnot to be an occasion of abuse and degradation. Women who willingly and\nknowingly tie marital knot are not accepting the risk of being raped but are accepting\nthe risk of consensual sexual intercourse. A woman, by marriage, consents in\nadvance to sexual relations with her husband or to refrain from sexual\nrelations outside marriage without the permission of her husband is offensive\nto liberty and dignity. Such a notion should have no place in our legislations<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sexual autonomy constitutes an inviolable\ncore of the dignity of every individual. It is not lost in masquerade of\nmarriage. It is an inalienable right of a married women. Justice Chandrachud\nheld<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>: &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00a0Curtailing the sexual autonomy of a woman or presuming\nthe presence consent to unwarranted sexual acts once she enters a marriage is\nantithetical to constitutional values. The right to privacy depends on the\nexercise of autonomy and agency by individuals. Identity of a women is personal\nto her and does not get submerged as a result of her marriage.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Individuals in a relationship in a marriage,\nhave a legitimate expectation that each will provide to the other the same\nelement of companionship and respect for choices. Implied consent to\nintercourse is not irrevocable, as separation or mutual divorce demonstrates\nthat such consent can be withdrawn, and that in these circumstances a relevant\ncharge of rape may lie against a husband<a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>. An implied consent to engage into sexual activity does not mean\nconsent to being inflicted with sexual violence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consent differs from time to time. There cannot\nbe an irrevocable consent which can\u2019t be taken back. Consent for cohabiting,\nintimate relations, caring and being faithful doesn\u2019t include consent to use\nher as a tool for sexual satisfaction. It is important to recognize that\nreproductive choices of a women can be exercised by her to procreate as well as\nto abstain from procreating. The crucial consideration is that a woman\u2019s right\nto privacy, dignity and bodily integrity should be respected. This means that if\nshe is unwilling to participate in a sexual activity for whatever reason, her choice\nneeds to be respected. She has absolute right over her choice to indulge in\nsexual act or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cIt is time to jettison the notion of\n\u2018implied consent\u2019 in marriage. The law must uphold the bodily autonomy of all women,\nirrespective of their marital status.\u201d<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn13\"><em><strong>[13]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EXEMPTION_NOT_ONLY_FROM_SEXUAL_INMTERCOURSE_BUT_ALL_SEXUAL_ACTS\"><\/span>EXEMPTION NOT ONLY FROM SEXUAL INMTERCOURSE BUT ALL SEXUAL ACTS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sexual intercourse\nmeans dreadful experience for them to do these acts that too forceful,\nunwillingly without their consent. It has a severe psychological impact on\nwomen, outraging her modesty which is very personal to her, leaving her in an\nutter state of disbelief, breaching her trust and promises made during marriage\nand leaving her helpless in disbelief in the legal system to provide her with a\nlegal remedy. One of the purposes of marriage is procreation involving sexual\nvaginal \u2013 penal intercourse but now since the ambit of sexual intercourse is\nwidened including non-reproductive sadomasochistic\nsexual acts just for the personal\ngratification of husband without regard to the consent and enjoyment of wife,\nthe position of wife is further deteriorated. Now to rectify this legislative\nblunder the whole exception needs to be repealed to ameliorate the situation of\nmarried women in India so that they can enjoy their sexual autonomy provided to\nthem by the constitution of India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HACKNEYED_JUSTIFICATION_GIVEN_BY_UNION_AGAINST_DELETING_OF_EXCEPTION_OF_375\"><\/span>HACKNEYED JUSTIFICATION GIVEN BY UNION AGAINST DELETING OF EXCEPTION OF 375 <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Misuse_of_the_penal_provision_to_harass_innocent_husbands\"><\/span><strong>Misuse of the penal provision to harass innocent husbands<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The safeguards in the criminal justice\nsystem are in place to spot and scrutinize fabricated or false marital\ncomplaints, and any person who institutes untrue and malicious charges, can be\nmade answerable in accordance with law. However, this fear, by itself, is not\nsufficient to just ignore the marital rape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Destroying_the_institution_of_marriage\"><\/span><strong>Destroying the institution of marriage<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Marriage is not institutional but personal\n\u2013 nothing can destroy the \u2018institution\u2019 of marriage except a statute that makes\nmarriage illegal and punishable<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>.\nA divorce may destroy a marriage but does it have the potential of destroying\nthe \u2018institution\u2019 of marriage? A judicial separation may dent a marital\nrelationship but does it have the potential of destroying the \u2018institution\u2019 of\nmarriage or even the marriage? Can it be said that no divorce should be\npermitted or that judicial separation should be prohibited? The answer is quite\nobvious. Marriage is an institution which casts upon a husband an obligation to\nrespect a wife&#8217;s personal integrity and dignity; it does not give the husband a\npower to violate her personal integrity and destroy her dignity. It would be\nimpossible to preserve, much less to foster, the institution of marriage as an\nexclusive union of man and wife for life if it were otherwise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Marriage_as_private_affair\"><\/span><strong>Marriage as private affair<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Justice Chandrachud in Adultery case<a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>\nhas himself not accepted this contention raised by the Union of India. He held:\n&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Remedying injustices, the Court cannot\nshy away from delving into the \u2018personal\u2019, and as a consequence, the \u2018public\u2019.\nIt becomes imperative for us to intervene when structures of injustice and\npersecution deeply entrenched in patriarchy are destructive of constitutional\nfreedom. Any legislation which results in the denial of these Constitutional\nguarantees to women, cannot pass the test of constitutionality. The delineation\nof private or public spheres become irrelevant as far as the enforcement of\nconstitutional rights is concerned. Therefore, even the intimate personal\nsphere of marital relations is not exempt from constitutional scrutiny.\nCriminal law must be in consonance with constitutional morality. The law on\nadultery enforces a construct of marriage where one partner is to cede her\nsexual autonomy to the other. Being antithetical to the constitutional\nguarantees of liberty, dignity and equality<\/em>. <em>It\nis the duty of this Court to break the stereotypes and promote a society which\nregards women as equal citizens in all spheres of life- irrespective of whether\nthese spheres may be regarded as \u2018public\u2019 or \u2018private\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>State has long regulated various aspects of\nthe institution of marriage, by determining the <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>age when an adult can enter into marriage;\nit grants legal recognition to marriage; it creates <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rights in respect of inheritance and\nsuccession; it provides for remedies like judicial separation, alimony,\nrestitution of conjugal rights; it regulates surrogacy, adoption, child\ncustody, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>guardianship, partition, parental\nresponsibility; guardianship and welfare of the child. These are all areas of\nprivate interest in which the State retains a legitimate interest, since these\nare areas which concern society and public well-being as a whole like marital\nrape does.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ABBETING_BRIDAL_TRAFFICING\"><\/span>ABBETING BRIDAL TRAFFICING<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When a third party like pimp or the subsequent husband\nfor the purpose of exploitation which could be deciphered if he uses force, threat,\nby means of abduction, by fraud or deception abuse of power or by inducement transfers,\nharbours, transports, or receives will be guilty of trafficking. But traffickers\nare using marriage as an alibi to rape girls in the first instance, to break\nthem, before selling them to pimps and brothel owners. This first rape, say\ncampaigners, is a method to control the victim. By robbing girls of all\ndignity, it is easier to trap them in sex work where they are shamed into submission.\nThey make girls to sign on marriage documents and when she realises that she is\nbeing raped she has no legal recourse left. They cannot claim the remedy under Section\n366 IPC as mostly because of their poor background they consensually marry some\nrandom rich people. As Section 366 require \u201cagainst her will\u201d. Subsequently\nafter marriage they are raped or sexually assaulted by their husbands which\nbreaks them into living like prostitutes and consenting to be sold. This legal\nimmunity from raping the wives is encouraging these traffickers who use this legal\nloophole to exploit married women. The wording of the section prohibits\n\u201cillicit intercourse\u201d i.e. sexual intercourse between persons not united by\nmarriage or by any union or tie constituting a quasi-marital relation, which\nexempts marital sexual intercourse from its purview.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other remedies like in Sections 370A (2) also could not be\navailed by women who willingly married due to the poor family conditions, as\nthey are not trafficked in the first place but during marriage, they are\nsubjected to sexual exploitation which ultimately results in their consenting\nto further exploitation. Sections 372 and 373 specifically deal with the minors\nnot adult married women. In the veil of marital status women are exploited with\nno legal remedy and if available also with meagre punishments. Marriage is used\nas an initial stage to dissuade, discourage, oppress and making them vulnerable\nfor further exploitation. With the removal of this legal immunity traffickers\ncould be deterred from using marital sexual exploitation as a weapon to\nsexually exploit women in India. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span>CONCLUSION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Marital rape as an exception to rape even though amended several times continues to exist because of the prevalent gender discrimination, legislative despotism, male chauvinism and widespread patriarchy in Indian society. By not repealing the exception we continue to support and adore the parochial vestiges of the colonial rule which favours the top male legislators. We still regard women as chattel without an individual person who has her sexual decisional autonomy to say no or yes as she wishes. Even the britishers regard this principle of coverture as anachronistic. Lord Keith in R v. R declared: &#8211; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cmarriage is in\nmodern times regarded as a partnership of equals, and no longer one in which\nthe wife must be the subservient chattel of the husband.\u00a0 Law prohibits it; scriptures forbid it;\nphilosophy condemns it; ethics deprecate it, morality decries it and social\nscience abhors it\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But with the recent\njudgements of Hon\u2019ble Supreme Court of India like adultery and right to privacy,\nthe position of women has changed from a mere chattel to an independent\nidentity even after marriage. Justice Chandrachud held<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> that<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c<em>privacy began with\nthe human body, and that at the heart of the right to privacy was the idea of\ndecisional autonomy \u2013 that is the right of each individual to decide how, and\nto what end, her body would be used. Just as individuals cannot sell themselves\ninto slavery, nor can they be deemed to have waived their right to decisional\nautonomy upon marriage<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our inability to\ncriminalize marital rape amounts to our lawmakers acting as accomplices to\nsexually exploit married women under the guise of \u2018institution of marriage\u2019. Judicially\nthere is no point left in not prosecuting husband for behaviour, which, if done\nto a stranger, would be criminal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are a lot of anomalies present in IPC with regard to basic assumption of exempting marital unconsented sexual intercourse or sexual acts which is the irrevocable marital consent to submit sexually, physically and emotionally to your husband.<a> <\/a>Anomaly could be found in section 354 and 375. While a husband could be held under outraging the modesty of a women under section 354 for doing perverted sexual acts even in private, not acceptable to wife in specific and society in general such as cunnilingus and fellatio as these acts are regarded as indecent and against the reproductive sexual intercourse but could not be held for a graver offence like Rape. But he cannot be held under section 375 as he is exempted from all sexual acts no matter how loathsome or repulsive, they may be. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Criminalizing marital\nrape, therefore, is not about the State invading the bedroom, but about\nensuring that the principles of consent, dignity, and autonomy, apply as much\nwithin the bedroom as outside. In striking down the marital rape exception, the\ncourt will not be creating a new crime, or trespassing into the domain of\nParliament, it will be holding that an artificial immunity from criminal law,\ncreated by an 1860 law, can no longer survive constitutional scrutiny. Supreme\nCourt held that;<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>No one can compel a\nwoman to love. She has the absolute right to reject. In a civilized society\nmale chauvinism has no room<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The delicate and reverent nature of sexual intimacy between a husband and wife excludes cruelty and coercion. Sexual intimacy brings spouses wholeness and oneness. It is a gift and a participation in the mystery of creation. It is a deep sense of spiritual communion. It is a function which enlivens the hope of procreation and ensures the continuation of family relations. It is an expressive interest in each other&#8217;s feelings at a time it is needed by the other and it can go a long way in deepening marital relationship. When it is egoistically utilized to despoil marital union in order to advance a felonious urge for coitus by force, violence or intimidation, the same should be made punishable to protect its lofty purpose, vindicate justice. Making wife rape illegal or an offence will remove the destructive attitudes that promote the marital rape. Such an action raises a moral boundary that informs the society that a punishment results if the boundary is transgressed. The Husbands may then begin to recognize that marital rape is wrong. Recognition coupled with the criminal punishment should deter the husbands from raping their wives. Women should not have to tolerate rape and violence in the marriage. The total statutory abolition of the marital rape exemption is the first necessary step in teaching societies that dehumanized treatment of women will not be tolerated and that the marital rape is not a husband&#8217;s privilege, but rather a violent act and an injustice that must be criminalized.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> To Have and to Hold: The Marital Rape Exemption and the Fourteenth Amendment,\n99(6) HARVARD LAW REVIEW, 1256 (1986).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> The Indian Penal Code, 1860. \u00a7375.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Motor General Traders v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (1984) 1 SCC 222.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Supra note 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> JUSTICE J.S. VERMA COMMITTEE, Report of Committee on Amendments to\nCriminal Law (January 23, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Joseph shine vs uoi\n(2019) 3SCC39.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> R v R [1991] 3 WLR 767.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> MATTHEW HALE, THE HISTORY OF THE PLEAS OF THE CROWN (Philadelphia,\nRobert H. Small 1st Am. ed. 1847) (1736).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Masiya vs. Director of Public Prosecutions Pretoria (The State) and\nAnother (10.05.2007 &#8211; SACC): MANU\/SACC\/0027\/2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> Joseph Shine,supra\nnote 8. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of. India, (2018) 1 SCC 791.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> R v. L [1991]HCA 48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> Nimeshbhai Bharatbhai Desai v. State of Gujarat AIR 2004 SC 3566.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> Joseph shine, supra note 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> Joseph shine, supra note 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017)10SCC1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> Pawan Kumar v. State of Himachal Pradesh AIR 1983 AP 356.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chanchal Dhakad | National Law Institute University | 23rd October 2019 INTRODUCTION Marital rape is a disgraceful offence that has scarred the trust and confidence in the institution of marriage. Since inception, this term has led to hue and cry in India but has gained more pace recently. However, criminalization of marital rape still seems [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[34,85],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Marital Rape exemption \u2013 An anachronistic impunity - LexForti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/marital-rape-exemption-an-anachronistic-impunity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marital Rape exemption \u2013 An anachronistic impunity - LexForti\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chanchal Dhakad | National Law Institute University | 23rd October 2019 INTRODUCTION Marital rape is a disgraceful offence that has scarred the trust and confidence in the institution of marriage. 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