{"id":262,"date":"2020-04-23T10:29:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=262"},"modified":"2022-09-21T05:45:31","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T05:45:31","slug":"arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Arbitration in India: A study of issues and challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p> <strong>Charu Singhal | Bharati Vidyapeeth University | 26th October 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a5741611de21\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a5741611de21\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Types_of_Alternate_Dispute_Resolution_mechanisms_in_India\" title=\"Types of Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms in India\">Types of Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Issues_and_challenges_of_Alternate_Dispute_Resolution_in_India\" title=\"Issues and challenges of Alternate Dispute Resolution\nin India\">Issues and challenges of Alternate Dispute Resolution\nin India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Appointment_of_arbitral_tribunal_administrative_or_judicial\" title=\"Appointment of arbitral tribunal: administrative or judicial?\">Appointment of arbitral tribunal: administrative or judicial?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Enforceability_of_arbitral_awards_When_procedure_supersedes_scope\" title=\"Enforceability of arbitral awards: When procedure supersedes scope.\">Enforceability of arbitral awards: When procedure supersedes scope.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Cost_time_the_directly_proportional_relationship\" title=\"Cost &amp; time: the directly proportional\nrelationship\">Cost &amp; time: the directly proportional\nrelationship<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#Remedies_Scope_for_improvement\" title=\"Remedies: Scope for improvement\">Remedies: Scope for improvement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/#END_NOTE\" title=\"END\nNOTE\">END\nNOTE<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The economic reforms of the year 1991\nchanged the trade climate all over the country by opening gates to foreign\ninvestments and facilitating trade relations worldwide. With growing commercial\nrelations, grew the chance of disputes. Indian courts since then were\nundergoing immense pressure due to pendency and backlog of cases and any\nfurther addition would over burden the system. Foreign investors who wished to\nresolve their disputes either by litigation or by alternative means under\nIndia\u2019s infamously grid locked court system could not afford to wait decades\nfor a dispute to reach finality.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> To\novercome such encumbrances, India was in need of an Alternate Dispute\nResolution Mechanism which could prove to be speedy, inexpensive and functioned\non separate lines than the traditional litigation. One significant measure\ntaken in pursuit of this goal was the adoption of the Arbitration and\nConciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter \u2018The Act\u2019) replacing it\u2019s outdated\nlegislations, The Arbitration Act, 1940 and The Foreign Awards Act, 1961. The\nobjective behind the act was to make the Arbitration procedure quick and\nefficient with minimizing the judicial intervention. The act is a comprehensive\npiece of legislation modeled on the lines of the UNCITRAL Model Law on\nInternational Commercial Arbitration. The aim of the legislation to serve\narbitration as a cost-effective and a quick mechanism for settlement of\ncommercial disputes is plagued by unnecessary \u2018Judicial Intervention\u2019 making it\npainfully slow and cumbersome. Arbitration in India is anything, but definitely\nnot \u2018non litigious\u2019 and is incurring the same problems of delayed justice and\npendency. Further the enforceability of arbitral awards is another challenge to\nlook up to. \u2018Public policy\u2019, being a malleable concept, will always be open to\nvaried judicial interpretations. The concept, as it relates to arbitration,\nneeds to be balanced with the associated principles of minimal judicial\nintervention and court supervision.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\nThe gross misinterpretation of the act by the Indian courts has made it\nimpossible to achieve timely results. Such inability on the court\u2019s end has\nsetup a negative trend, possibly discouraging the parties from opting Alternate\ndispute resolution mechanisms. Cost effectiveness is another reason for\nfavoring arbitration over litigation and arbitration has proved to be fancily\nexpensive itself. It must be remembered that these shortcomings are capable of\nhindering the progress of international trade and commercial arbitration and\nwith the constant inflow of business this might in effect hamper our economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Alternate_Dispute_Resolution_mechanisms_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Types of Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The term Alternate Dispute Resolution\ntakes in its fold, various modes of dispute settlement including, Arbitration,\nConciliation, Mediation, Negotiation and Lok Adalats. These mechanisms are used\nby many countries for effective dispute resolution. With the growing burden of\npending cases the administration of judicial institutions through traditional\nprocesses had become very difficult and called for the implementation of such\npractices. Moreover, The Malimath Committee recommended making it obligatory\nfor the court to refer the dispute for settlement by way of Arbitration,\nConciliation, Mediation, judicial settlement through Lok Adalats and\nNegotiations. Arbitration is the most widely used form of ADR. It is the form\nof alternate dispute resolution where the parties to a dispute refer it to one\nor more persons known as the \u2018arbitrators\u2019. The arbitral tribunal (which\nconsists of arbitrators) is appointed through a proper procedure. In\narbitration a third party reviews the evidence and documentation of the case\nand imposes a decision that is legally binding and enforceable on both the\nparties. There are limited rights of review and appeal for arbitral awards.\nConciliation is another very widely used form of Alternate dispute resolution\nmechanism in which the parties to a dispute use a conciliator who separately\nmeets the parties to resolve their differences by improving communications and\nexploring potential solutions. The conciliation proceedings are flexible and\nallow the parties to define the time, structure and content. Various types of\ndisputes such as labor disputes, service matter, taxation and excise are\nusually settled by conciliation. Conciliation proceedings often tend to resolve\ncommercial, financial, family, real estate and insolvency matters. Arbitration\nand Conciliation are the most commonly used forms of Alternate Dispute\nResolution mechanisms in India. Other forms include mediation, negotiation and\njudicial settlement through Under Lok Adalats. Unlike arbitration, mediation and\nnegotiation are non- binding over parties and parties are under no strict\nobligation to follow the outcomes of these procedures. Moreover the parties to\na negotiation retain control over the outcome and procedure. Mediation is a\nsimple and structured negotiation process where a neutral third party assists\nthe parties in amicably resolving the disputes. The essence of these mechanisms\nlies in their procedural neutrality. Lok Adalat is a forum where the disputes\nat pre-litigation stage are settled amicably. NALSA along with other Legal\nservice institutions conducts Lok Adalats. Lok Adalats have been given statutory\nstatus under the Legal Service Authority Act, 1987. Under the said Act, the\naward (decision) made by the Lok Adalats is deemed to be a decree of a civil\ncourt and is final and binding on all parties and no appeal against such an award\nlies before any court of law.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Issues_and_challenges_of_Alternate_Dispute_Resolution_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Issues and challenges of Alternate Dispute Resolution\nin India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Appointment_of_arbitral_tribunal_administrative_or_judicial\"><\/span><strong>Appointment of arbitral tribunal: administrative or judicial?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the major reasons why the act of\n1940 was replaced by the act of 1996 was the limited judicial intervention it\npromised. With the 1996 act coming into force it was observed that the\nlegislation is failing to deliver what it promised. \u00a711 of the 1996 act (before\nthe 2015 amendments) empowered the Chief Justice of the jurisdictional High\nCourt or his nominee or the Chief Justice of India or as the case maybe for the\nappointment of arbitral tribunal. Orders passed under \u00a711 have always been\nopposed of being administrative against judicial. The question whether orders\nunder \u00a711 of the act are administrative or judicial came up before the Supreme\nCourt in <em>Sundaram Finance Ltd v. N.E.P.C\nIndia ltd<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\nand the court issued directives that the orders under \u00a7 11 shall be deemed to\nbe administrative and won\u2019t be subject to challenge under Article 136 of the\nConstitution of India. In <em>Konkan Railway\nCorporation ltd v. Mehul Construction<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>the apex court reaffirmed the decision\nin <em>Ador Samia case <\/em><a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>and\nsubsequently in <em>Konkan Railway Company V.\nRani Construction Pvt. Ltd<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a><em>, <\/em>it was observed that no adjudicatory\nfunction is required to be performed by the Chief Justice or his designation\nthereby stating that the appointment orders passed under \u00a711 of the act are\npurely administrative and not judicial, thereby invoking Article 141<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>of\nthe Indian constitution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrary to the former decrees passed by\nthe court, it was constructed in <em>Agio\nCounter Trade v. Punjab Iron and Steel company Ltd<\/em> and<em> Wellington Associates <\/em>case that the functions of the Chief Justice\nis judicial in nature and appealable under <em>Article\n136<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><em> o<\/em>f the constitution of India. It was\nafter the 7 judge bench judgment given in <em>SBP\nand Co. v. Patel Engineering Co <a href=\"#_ftn10\"><strong>[10]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>\nwhich held that the functions of the Chief Justice or his designation are\njudicial in nature thereby increasing the judicial intervention beyond the\nscope and negating the principles of quick redressal and least court\nintervention. Moreover the judgment implied denial to the importance of the\narbitral tribunals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The judgment is diametrically against\nthe principle of minimal judicial interpretation as highlighted in UNCITRAL\nModel Law and the Preamble to the act, 1996 and also the explicit provisions in\nthe Act since the act declares that no judicial authority shall intervene\nexcept where so provided in the act<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However after the recommendations of the\n246<sup>th<\/sup> Law Commission Report, the 2015 amendment of the act witnessed\nsome major changes. The power of appointment of the arbitral tribunal now vests\nwith the Supreme court, or as the case maybe the High court or any institution\ndesignated by such court in case of failure of appointment of the tribunal by\nparties through procedure specified under \u00a7\u00a711(2) and 11(3) of the act. The\nparties get enough opportunities to agree on common grounds and appoint an\narbitral tribunal of their choice. A failure of such agreement results in the\nintervention of the courts and hence the delays. The court in the best faith of\nthe parties to arbitration and for securing the principals of the act has set\ndeadlines for appointment of the arbitral tribunal stated under \u00a711(4)(b) and\n11(5). A total of 30 days has been provided to the party from the date of receipt\nof request to appoint an arbitrator from the other party by the court. On the\nlapse of such time period the court holds the responsibility of the appointment\nof the arbitral tribunal. Such ambitious deadlines may act as deterrents for\npeople opting arbitration and actually back fire and contradict the purpose of\nintroducing these amendments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enforceability_of_arbitral_awards_When_procedure_supersedes_scope\"><\/span><strong>Enforceability of arbitral awards: When procedure supersedes scope.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cJustice\ndelayed is justice denied\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrary to the belief that an arbitral\nsuit would come to an end when the award is announced, the real litigation\nstarts when the award is to be enforced post announcement. For reasons best\nknown to them, the legislators choose to make arbitral awards subject to\nchallenge before the trial courts. The awards passed by a panel of three\nretired Supreme Court Chief Justices are subject to scrutiny by a Trial Judge.\nThe arbitration experience, particularly for the successful claimant can rather\nprove to be painful, prolonged and lopsided, conveniently negating the idea of\nquick and effective justice. One can only imagine the plight of a successful\nclaimant who cannot enjoy the arbitral award until such procedural challenges\ncome to an end.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;The thin line of distinction between a foreign\nand domestic arbitral award has been drawn as a result of multiple judicial\ninterpretations in some landmark judgments like <em>Bhatia International v. Bulk Trading<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a><em>, Venture Global Engineering v. Satyam\nComputer ltd<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>and\n<em>Bharat Aluminum Co v. Kaiser Aluminum\nTechnical Service<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a><em>. <\/em>The court in Bharat Aluminum observed\nthat Part I of the act exclusively lays down the procedures and guidelines for\ndomestic arbitrations whereas Part II of the act in accord with the UNCITRAL\nModel Law, New York Convention and Geneva Convention applies to foreign seated\narbitrations. It should be noted that arbitrations under Part I include both,\narbitration in India between two Indian parties and international commercial\narbitration held in India. International commercial arbitrations held outside\nIndia would be governed under procedures mentioned under Part II of the act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The excessive court intervention in the\nform of <em>judicial review<\/em> has retarded\nthe dispute resolution mechanism and frustrated the purpose of the act. The act\nunder \u00a734 lays down a list of reasons on which an application can be moved to\nthe court challenging the arbitral award. The \u00a734 of the act is brain child of &nbsp;Article 34 of the UNCITRAL Model Law 1985 and\nits ambit in the 1996 act is much wider than the repealed act of 1940. \u00a734(2)(A)\nmentions five sub provisions under which a party is required to furnish\nconcrete proof in support of its petition to the court to set aside the\narbitral award. The point of concern here is \u00a734(2)(B) which refers to two\ngrounds of examining the arbitral award. Firstly if the subject matter of the\ndispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration in India and secondly if\nthe award is in conflict with the \u2018<em>Public\nPolicy of India\u2019. <\/em>In<em> O.N.G.C v. Saw\nPipes ltd<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>,\nthe Supreme Court interpreted \u2018public policy\u2019 in light of principles underlying\n1996 act, Indian Contract Act, 1872 and Constitutional provisions. Saw Pipes\nbroadened the scope of public policy by enhancing the possibility of a near\nlimitless judicial review, defeating the Act\u2019s objective of minimal court\ninterference. Therefore, the Saw Pipes decision is a significant blemish on\nIndia\u2019s arbitration jurisprudence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An explanation next to \u00a734(2)(b) briefly\nclarifying what is to be understood with public policy of India includes fraud,\ncorruption and violation of \u00a775 or \u00a781 but fails to serve its purpose. As the\nexpression \u2018public policy\u2019 has not been supplied with a definitive meaning\nunder the 1996 act or any other statute, over the years through judicial\ncraftsmanship, the width of this expression gradually increased giving vast\ndiscretion to courts to interpret it accordingly. Lately in the international\ncommercial arbitration and investment arbitration, this has caused a lot of\ndifficulties to litigants as the courts have whimsically rejected and accepted\nclaims on this ground<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>.\nThe amendment act 2015 however clarifies that an award will not be set aside by\nthe court merely on erroneous application of law or by re-appreciation of\nevidence. The court will not review the merits of the dispute in deciding\nwhether the award is in contravention with the fundamental policy of Indian\nlaw. After the Saw Pipes judgment the question that needs to be answered is\nwhat exactly the court meant by the term <em>\u2018Patent\nIllegality\u2019. <\/em>One can infer multiple meanings of the word \u2018illegality\u2019 in\nthe arbitration context. The illegal nature of the underlying contract, the\nobject of the contract or the circumstances surrounding the arbitration\nagreement are some suggestions but the Apex Court in the Saw Pipes judgment\ngave a whole new dimension to the term \u2018illegality\u2019 by equating it to mean \u2018<em>Error of Law\u2019. <\/em>Upon that observation one\ncan deduce that, if the courts are conferred with the power to review on the\nground of error of law then it automatically defeat the objective of the Act\nand &nbsp;make arbitration the beginning of\nsuccessive appeals to the highest court of the land, &nbsp;making it no different than litigation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the same as retaining the grounds\nfor challenge that were already available under \u00a7 30 of the 1940 act<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>.\nIn addition, a careful analysis of the 1996 Act shows that the two conditions\nfor setting aside the award, contrary to the express provisions of the contract\nor substantive law,&nbsp; are already arguably\navailable under sub \u00a7\u00a734(2)(a)(iv) and 34(2)(a)(v) respectively<a href=\"#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp; .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under \u00a734(3), a three month time period\nhas been specified within which an application for setting aside an arbitral\naward has to be made. Such time period begins with the day when the applicant\nreceived the order. A further extension of thirty days can be given to the\napplicant incase he can furnish substantial proof that he was hindered by a\nsufficient cause for making the application within three months. The above\nprocedure needs to be reconsidered. The act was framed for quick and effective\nredressal to the litigants but while doing so one should not lose the sight of\npossibilities that may prevent an honest litigant from seeking his right to be\nheard. The provision of \u00a734(3) shuts down such persons from seeking justice. Procedural\nlaw should not overlap the rights provided by substantive law. Undoubtedly the\nobjective of the act should receive paramount importance but while doing so,\nthe aim of providing justice should not be ignored. Hence the provisions of the\nact require interpretation in a manner that retains the goals and values of our\nlegal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cost_time_the_directly_proportional_relationship\"><\/span><strong>Cost &amp; time: the directly proportional\nrelationship<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018<em>The costs are awarded, not as a punishment to the defeated\nparty, nor as a bonus to the party which receives them, but as a recompense to\nthe successful party in order to indemnify him, though not completely, for\nlegal expenses to which he has been subjected in prosecuting his suit or his\ndefense<a href=\"#_ftn19\"><strong>[19]<\/strong><\/a>.\n<\/em>In the past few years the scope of the\narbitration costs has become wider. Arbitration costs now involve the fee\npayable to the arbitrators towards \u2018reading charges\u2019, \u2018sitting fees\u2019, \u2018award\nwriting fee\u2019 and other expenses, coupled with the cost involved in arranging\nsittings (often at luxury hotels), travel charges for the parties, witnesses,\ncounsel and arbitrator. The overall expense can sometimes run into crores which,\nfor a developing country like India is outrageous. The absence of ad-valorem\ncourt fees payable on an arbitral claim is believed to make the process\naffordable and convenient<a href=\"#_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>. The\nparties are under the impression that the court fee is saved but end up paying\nmore or less the same amount by paying for the arbitrator\u2019s fee, counsel fee,\nadministrative expenses and stamp duty on arbitral award. No doubt the costs, could\n(and should) be factored into the award to be passed but the fact remains that\nthe arbitral proceedings are costly, and not inexpensive by any standards. In a\nvery recent judgment of <em>Union of India v.\nSingh Builders Syndicate<a href=\"#_ftn21\"><strong>[21]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>\nthe Supreme Court pointed out that \u2018<em>It is\nunfortunate that delays, high cost, frequent and sometimes unwarranted judicial\ninterruptions at different stages are seriously hampering the growth of\narbitration as an effective dispute resolution process.\u2019 <\/em>The court also\nobserved that it is necessary to find an urgent solution for the problem to\nsave arbitration from the arbitration costs and opined that \u2018<em>Institutional Arbitration\u2019<\/em> has come\nclose to providing a solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It must be noted that the process of arbitration\nproves to be cost efficient only when the number of the arbitration proceedings\nis limited. However the delays caused by the judicial intervention drains the\nfinances of the parties because arbitration becomes litigation in disguise.\nIronically the speed and cost efficiency are hallmarks of the procedure and the\nreasons why arbitration is preferred over litigation as a viable option for\ndispute resolution especially in commercial disputes. To make India arbitration\nfriendly destination cost effectiveness is a hurdle yet to be crossed. As per\nthe recommendations of the 246<sup>th<\/sup> Law Commission Report the\nlegislature has added \u00a731(A) to the Act. It empowers the Court or Arbitral Tribunal\nto have discretion to determine (A) Whether costs are payable by one party to\nanother (B) Amount of such costs and (C) When such costs are to be paid. An\nexplanation next to \u00a731(A) interprets \u2018cost\u2019 in reference to the section. The\nFourth Schedule has also been added to the Act that lays down a fixed model fee\ndepending upon the sum in dispute along with the percentage share based on the\nclaim amount. It also furnishes that an additional amount of twenty five\npercent on the fee payable (as per the provisions of the \u2018Fourth Schedule\u2019)\nwill be added where arbitral tribunal is only a sole arbitrator. The model fee\nmention arbitration as well as arbitrations where parties have agreed for the\ndetermination of fee as per the rules of arbitral institution under which\narbitral proceedings are to be conducted. Such shortcomings are capable of\nhindering the progress of international trade and commercial arbitration.\nStrengthening international arbitration and providing for a more stable process\nthat is cost-effective and time saving can help India attract foreign investors\nand commercial entities which is the goal of the government<a href=\"#_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Remedies_Scope_for_improvement\"><\/span><strong>Remedies: Scope for improvement<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Alternate dispute resolution, especially\nArbitration holds the position of becoming the future of dispute resolution\nthroughout the world. Few countries like USA and Singapore have already emerged\nas the most favorable arbitration destinations due to their independent and\nprivatized arbitration institutions. India has the favored amount of resource\nand potential to help it emerge as one of the most lucrative arbitration\ndestinations in the world. However, there are a few loopholes in the current system\nthat is yet to be taken care of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The judiciary needs to recheck its amount of\nintervention and understand that arbitration has to be treated as another\ndispute resolution procedure which works independently. Moreover, it should\nplay an assisting role in the arbitration process. With adequate assistance,\njudiciary can play a very impactful role but by unnecessary intervention, it\ndefeats the whole purpose of the procedure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently ad-hoc and institutional arbitration\nco-exist in the country but opting for institutional arbitration would speed up\nthe process. Therefore, reforms in institutional arbitration are suggested.\nIndia suffers from a lack of arbitral institutions. Although institutions like\nThe Delhi High Court International Arbitration Center, Nani Palkhiwala\nArbitration Center, International Center for Alternate Dispute Resolution and\nIndian Council for Arbitration are doing noteworthy work but considering the\namount of backlogs and pendency of cases there is a need for arbitration\ninstitutes to come up and increase the overall efficiency. Further, there\nshould be a symbiotic relationship between the arbitration institutes and the\njudiciary which can be established with, courts referring certain cases to\narbitration and the institutes ensuring that the cases do not have to go back\nto the courts. With the growing trend of Alternate Dispute Resolution in the\ncountry it has now become a necessity to make procedural arbitration a part of\nlegal curriculum. Colleges and Universities should set up Alternate Dispute\nResolution Cells to give the students an insight of the procedure and create\nawareness among people in general. Institutions should be willing to accept\narbitration as a form of dispute resolution and equip students with the\nrequired skills. Lawyers need to be trained and made familiar with procedures\ninvolved in the arbitration process. The aim of these reforms is to make\ninstitutional arbitration a common practice in domestic disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"END_NOTE\"><\/span><strong>END\nNOTE<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Alternate Dispute Resolution as a concept is\nstill evolving in India. With everyday development of world economy and the\nimpact of globalization it has become very difficult to keep up with the pace\nand fulfill the ever changing needs of current times. Arbitration, Mediation\nand other dispute resolution mechanism have succeeded in breaking the monotony\nof traditional adversarial method of dispute resolution but have however failed\nto achieve the larger purpose. Beyond all these fallacies arbitration has still\nmanaged to prove its juggernaut by sufficing the needs of the people by fueling\ntheir belief to engage in any kind of transaction.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>Rohit Bafna &amp; Rhea\nSrivastava, <em>Arbitration &amp; Alternative\nDispute Resolution in India: Issues &amp; Challenges in International\nCommercial Arbitration <\/em>(August 9, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>Garima Budhairaja Arya\n&amp; Tania Sebastian, <em>Critical Appraisal\nof \u2018Patent Illegality\u2019 as a Ground for Setting Aside an Arbitral Award in India<\/em>,\n24(2) B.L.R., 168-172.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>National\nLegal Services Authority, http:\/\/nalsa.gov.in\/lok-adalat\n(last visited Aug 28, 2017)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>Sundaram Finance Ltd.\nv. N.E.P.C India Ltd., (1999) 2 S.C.C. 479.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>Konkan Railway Corpn.\nLtd. v. Mehul Constructions., (2000) 7 S.C.C. 201.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>Ador Samia (P) Ltd. v.\nPeekay Holdings Ltd and Ors., (1999) 8 S.C.C. 572.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>Konkan Railway Corpn.\nLtd. v. Rani Construction Pvt. Ltd., (2002) 2 S.C.C. 388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>Article 141 of the\nconstitution reads as, \u2018 Law declared by (the) Supreme Court to be binding on\nall courts- The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all\ncourts within the territory of India\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Article 136 reads as,\n\u2018Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> SBP &amp; Co. v.\nPatel Engineering Ltd. (2005) 8 S.C.C. 618. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>Ankur Khandelwal, <em>The Three \u201cBattlegrounds\u201d of the Arbitration\nLaw of India: The trilogy of grounds for unwarranted Judicial Intervention, <\/em>3\ncontemp. Asia Arb. J. 165 (2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>Bhatia International\nv. Bulk trading S.A, (2002) 4 S.C.C. 105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> Venture Global\nEngineering v. Satyam Computers Services Ltd., (2008) 4 S.C.C. 190.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>Bharat Aluminum Co. v.\nKaiser Aluminum Technical Services Inc., (2012) 9 S.C.C. 552.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> O.N.G.C. Ltd. v. Saw\nPipes Ltd., (2003) 5 S.C.C. 705.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> Nimit Saxena <em>Public Policy under Indian Arbitration Law<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>1940 Act \u00a7 30\nenumerates the grounds for setting aside the award. An award shall not be set\naside except on one or more following grounds, namely: (a) that an arbitrator\nor umpire has misconducted himself or the proceedings; (b) that an award has\nbeen made after the issue of an order by the Court superseding the arbitration\nor after arbitration proceedings have become invalid under \u00a7 35; (c) that an\naward has been improperly procured or is otherwise invalid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>Viplay Sharma, <em>Enforceability of Arbitral Awards in India:\nPublic Policy as Ground for Setting Aside the Award, <\/em>1(1) Gujarat Law\nReview (2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>Anandji Haridas v.\nState of Gujarat, (1977) 0 G.L.R. 271.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> Aditya Sondhi, <em>Arbitration in India: Some Myths Dispelled<\/em>,\n19(2) Student Bar Review (2007)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>Union of India v.\nSingh Builders Syndicate, (2009) 4 S.C.C. 523.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>Global Times, <em>Indian PM vows to attract more foreign\ninvestment<\/em>, (http:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/727225.shtml.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Charu Singhal | Bharati Vidyapeeth University | 26th October 2019 Introduction The economic reforms of the year 1991 changed the trade climate all over the country by opening gates to foreign investments and facilitating trade relations worldwide. With growing commercial relations, grew the chance of disputes. Indian courts since then were undergoing immense pressure due [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":11388,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[58,34],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Arbitration in India: A study of issues and challenges - LexForti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/arbitration-in-india-a-study-of-issues-and-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Arbitration in India: A study of issues and challenges - LexForti\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Charu Singhal | Bharati Vidyapeeth University | 26th October 2019 Introduction The economic reforms of the year 1991 changed the trade climate all over the country by opening gates to foreign investments and facilitating trade relations worldwide. 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