{"id":353,"date":"2020-04-23T10:29:48","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=353"},"modified":"2021-01-17T12:14:04","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T12:14:04","slug":"child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"Child Labour- Legal Protection and Welfare"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Aditya Tripathi &#038; Himanshi Tripathi | Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam | 11th November 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a30692759dd3\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a30692759dd3\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction:\">Introduction:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#History_of_Child_Labour_in_India\" title=\"History\nof Child Labour in India:\">History\nof Child Labour in India:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Constitution_of_India_and_Child_Labour\" title=\"Constitution\nof India and Child Labour:\">Constitution\nof India and Child Labour:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Fundamental_Rights\" title=\"Fundamental\nRights:\">Fundamental\nRights:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policies\" title=\"Directive\nPrinciples of State Policies:\">Directive\nPrinciples of State Policies:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Laws_and_government_policies_against_Child_labour_in_India\" title=\"Laws\nand government policies against Child labour in India:\">Laws\nand government policies against Child labour in India:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#The_Children_Pledging_of_Labour_Act_1933\" title=\"The\nChildren (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933\">The\nChildren (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#The_Factories_Act_1948\" title=\"The Factories Act, 1948\">The Factories Act, 1948<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Indian_Penal_Code_1860\" title=\"Indian\nPenal Code, 1860 \">Indian\nPenal Code, 1860 <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Child_Labour_Prohibition_and_Regulation_Act_1986\" title=\"Child Labour\n(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986\">Child Labour\n(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Critical_Analysis\" title=\"Critical Analysis \u00a0\">Critical Analysis \u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Policies_of_the_government_against_child_labour_in_India\" title=\"Policies\nof the government against child labour in India:\">Policies\nof the government against child labour in India:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Child_Labour_Protection_Regulation_Amendment_Act_2016\" title=\"Child\nLabour (Protection &#038; Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016\">Child\nLabour (Protection &#038; Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Efforts_of_Judiciary_against_the_problems_of_Child_Labour\" title=\"Efforts\nof Judiciary against the problems of Child Labour:\">Efforts\nof Judiciary against the problems of Child Labour:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Combating_child_labour_practice\" title=\"Combating\nchild labour practice:\">Combating\nchild labour practice:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Principles_underlying_elimination_of_child_labour\" title=\"Principles\nunderlying elimination of child labour:\">Principles\nunderlying elimination of child labour:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion:\">Conclusion:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cChildhood should be carefree playing in sun, not living a NIGHTMARE in the darkness of the soul\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><strong>-Dave Pelzer, A Child called \u201cit\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Childhood is the age of pleasure and\nenjoyment. It is the stage where the infant goes to school, spends time with\ntheir family, and gets affection from his parents. The importance of a better\ncarefree environment for children is to protect their incredible future and\ncontribution towards nation building as childhood is the base of a good adulthood.\nThe future of a country depends upon the present of country\u2019s children. It\nbecomes necessary for a nation to invest upon the country\u2019s future by protecting\ntheir rights and framing and implementing laws regarding child welfare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Child labourers are exploited, paid\nminimal wages and made to work under unhealthy conditions which adversely\naffect their mental and physical health. This makes the nation to be deprived\nof the healthy working force required for its continuous progress and growth.\nThe lives of the children have become miserable in such conditions making it\npitiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Child labour is a big socio-economic\nproblem which has to be solved by the combined efforts of the people and the\ngovernment. One of the major causes of child labour is poverty and lack of\neducational facilities. Children (0-14 years) constitute approximately\none-third of the population of India. Article 24 of the Indian Constitution\nstates \u201cNo child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in\nany factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One in every 11 children in India is\nworking. Child labour has been decreasing at an abysmal rate of 2.2% per year\nfrom 2001 to 2011, as per an analysis of census data by non-governmental\norganization CRY (Child Rights and You). There are still 4.5 million children\nin age group 5-14 years who are working.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\nThe major occupations engaging child labour are Pan, Bidi &#038; Cigarette\nmaking, Construction, Domestic workers and Spinning &#038; weaving. Uttar\nPradesh (20.58%) tops the list followed by Maharashtra (11.41%), Bihar (10.37%),\nAndhra Pradesh (9.29%), and Madhya Pradesh (6.57%).<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Efforts have been made by the government of India in forming\nof stringent statutory legislations but the implementation at the ground level is\nnot upto its mark even though Child labour is banned under the article 24 and\nlater right to education was guaranteed by the 86<sup>th<\/sup> Constitutional\nAmendment which inserted 21A in the Constitution there is major violations of\nthese rights. Further, Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 was\npassed by the Parliament to counter the problem of child labour in a more\neffective manner but needed amendments time to time and was amended recently in\n2016. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_Child_Labour_in_India\"><\/span><strong>History\nof Child Labour in India:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of child labour in the\nsociety can be traced back from the history long back ago as children used to\nhelp their parents while working in the fields with them. The form of\nexploitation of children started during the age of industrialization from 17<sup>th<\/sup>\ncentury. It was the era where large numbers of human population were employed\nin the factories instead of machinery. During this period there was a large\nstructural change in the pattern of occupation. Many articians were forced to\nwork in these factories because they lost their jobs. But the evil thought of\nexploitation emerges in the mind of the factory owners as they started\nemploying children in their factory because the cost of employing them was less\nas compare to adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earlier child used to work in the\nfactories for continuous 12 to 18 hours a day, six days a week in order to earn\na penny. Children more often of the age group of 7 years began working with the\ntending machines in the spinning mills, they used to work in the factories\nwithout having proper light and air and the chemical substances often harm\nthem, best example of this bangle industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Constitution_of_India_and_Child_Labour\"><\/span><strong>Constitution\nof India and Child Labour:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Laws in India banning employment of\nchildren date back to 1881, under the colonial rule.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>\nThe act formed in 1881 banned the employment of children below the age of 7\nyears in factories was the first action by Indian government against child\nlabour. The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933 followed by the Employment\nof Children Act, 1938 were the first statutory enactment dealing with child labour\nwhich was repealed by the Child Labour Act, 1986. The Child Labour (Prohibition\nand Regulation) Act 1986 is an outcome of various recommendations made by a\nseries of Commissions.<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\nThis legislation was enacted to reform the legal measure, as the policy of both\nProhibition and Regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Constitution of India contains provisions\nfor upliftment, development and protection of children providing free education\nfor children till the age of 14 years. Indian Constitution deals with child\nwelfare through specific rights entailed to them under fundamental rights and\nsome specific legislation under directives principles of state policy. The\nfollowing Articles of Indian constitution states child welfare \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fundamental_Rights\"><\/span><strong>Fundamental\nRights:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Provisions related to the welfare of the\nchild rights are reflected in Article 15(3) &#8211; Nothing\u00a0 in\u00a0\nthis\u00a0 article\u00a0 prevents\u00a0\nthe\u00a0 State\u00a0 from\u00a0\nmaking\u00a0 any\u00a0 special\u00a0\nprovision for women and children. Thus article empowers the State to\nmake special provisions for the children in order to stop exploitation against\nthem. Further Article\u00a0 21A &#8211; The\u00a0 State\u00a0\nshall\u00a0 provide\u00a0 free\u00a0\nand\u00a0 compulsory\u00a0 education\u00a0\nto\u00a0 all\u00a0 children\u00a0\nof\u00a0 the age 6-14years.The article\ninserted keeping in view creating the necessary base for the economy by\nproviding education free of cost, as most of the population in India is living\nbelow the poverty line this force them to send their child on manual works\nrather than sending them to the school ultimately results in child labour. Article\n23 &#8211; Prohibits\u00a0 traffic\u00a0 in\u00a0\nhuman\u00a0 being\u00a0 and\u00a0\nbeggar\u00a0 and\u00a0 other\u00a0\nsimilar\u00a0 forms\u00a0 of\u00a0\nforced labour. (Child Trafficking for slavery is a major issue as to\nchild labour). Trafficking in human being for sex, making them to work for\ntheir employers for lifetime are some of the serious problem prevails in the\neconomy and new problem such as trafficking in child which need to be tackling\nas quickly as possible. The main provisions the deals with child labour in\nIndia is given under the Article 24 which states that no child below the age of\n14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any\nother hazardous employment. This article is important as it prohibits the child\nlabour in hazardous employment in order to bring welfare to the children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Directive_Principles_of_State_Policies\"><\/span><strong>Directive\nPrinciples of State Policies:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 39 (e) &#8211; Requires the State and\nsecure that the tender age of children are not abused and to ensure that they\nare not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited in their age\nor strength. Those children are given opportunities and facilities to develop\nin a healthy environment of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth\nare protected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 39 (f) &#8211; Enjoins the State to\nensure that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a\nhealthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that the childhood\nand youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material\nabandonment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 45 &#8211; The State shall endeavour to\nprovide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete\nthe age of six years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 51A (k) &#8211; It is the fundamental\nduty of the parent or Guardian to provide opportunities for education to the\nchild or ward between the age of 6 and 14 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main object of these articles is to\nensure that there is no injustice and infringement of child rights, equal\nopportunities must be given to a child for overall development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Laws_and_government_policies_against_Child_labour_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Laws\nand government policies against Child labour in India:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Legislations are formed by the government\nin order to ensure the welfare of the citizens of the country. There are some\nlegislations which strictly deals with the welfare of the children and\nprohibits and prescribe punishment for the employer who employees those children\nto work for them. Abolition of child labour laws can be formed by both central\nand state governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Children_Pledging_of_Labour_Act_1933\"><\/span><strong>The\nChildren (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Act declares any agreement by a parent\nor guardian to pledge the labour of a child below 15 years of age for payment\nor benefit other than reasonable wages and to the detriment of the child, to be\nillegal and void. It also provides punishment for such parent or guardian as\nwell as those who employ a child whose labour is pledged. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Factories_Act_1948\"><\/span><strong>The Factories Act, 1948<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nAct prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory.\nA child of 15-18 years can be employed in a factory only if he obtains a\nfitness certificate from a medical practitioner and they shall work for not\nthan four and half hours. Working in night hours was also prohibited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indian_Penal_Code_1860\"><\/span><strong>Indian\nPenal Code, 1860 <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no special provision for\npunishment for child labour, but S.374 prescribes a punishment of imprisonment\nof one year and\/or fine, for unlawful compulsory labour. S.370 makes the buying\nor disposing of any person as a slave an offence punishable with imprisonment\nwhich may extend to seven years and\/or fine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, a need arose for the central\nlegislation for punishment for child labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Child_Labour_Prohibition_and_Regulation_Act_1986\"><\/span><strong>Child Labour\n(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Child Labour (Prohibition and\nRegulation) Act, 1986 was enacted with the main objective to protect the\nchildhood of the young generation of the country and provide them basic\nnecessary requirements which are necessary for their growth. The basic\nobjective of the Act is to prohibit the employment and to regulate the\nconditions of work of the children who have not completed the age of 14 years\nin some occupation as defined under the Part-A of the schedule or in any of the\nworkshops wherein the process mentioned in the part-B is carried out; provided\nthat nothing in this section shall applicable to any workshop wherein any\u00a0 process is carried on by the occupier with\nthe aid of his family or to any school established by, or receiving assistance\nor recognition from, Government. The act provides for constituting of a Child\nLabour Technical Advisory Committee (CLTAC) who is responsible for advising the\ngovernment about additions to the Schedule lists (the factories and\nestablishments where the children may be employed or where they can\u2019t be\nemployed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Act prohibits employment of\nchildren below the age of 14 years in hazardous occupations. Such hazardous\noccupations have been identified by law. This Act recognizes 18 occupations and\n65 processes that are hazardous to the children&#8217;s lives and health of children.\nEmployment of children below the age of 14 in such industries is an offence.\nSection 12 of this Act requires prominent display of \u201cchild labour is\nprohibited\u201d at construction sites and industries in local language as well as\nin English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to ensure security against\nworking conditions The Act also provides that no child shall be permitted to\nwork between 7 p.m. and 8 a.m. and shall not be forced to work over time. Further\nno child shall work for more than 3 hours before he has an interval of one\nhour. A child cannot work in more than one place on any day. A weekly holiday\nis allowed. The Act also provides health and safety measures for the welfare of\nthe children. Amicable working facilities such as drinking water, latrines and\nurinals, cleanliness, disposal of wastes and effluents, ventilation and\ntemperature, etc. should be provided by the employer as defined under\nSection-13 of the Act, it is also mandatory for the employer to take the measures\nfor safety from dust and fume, artificial humidification, fencing of machinery\netc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Act also provides the punishment for\nthe employer for employing any child in contravention of the provisions of the\nAct \u2013 imprisonment for not less than 3 months extending to 1 year or with fine\nnot less than Rs. 10000 extending to Rs. 20000, or both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Critical_Analysis\"><\/span>Critical Analysis \u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>1) The Act is in favour of regulation\nrather than abolition of Child Labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) Absence of any measures for\nrehabilitation of the child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) Employers pretense as family members\nmaking use of proviso annexed to section 3 under the Act which makes them\nescape from prosecution and continue exploiting children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) Age of the child is differently defined\nunder different laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5) Falls short of making all forms of child\nlabour illegal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Policies_of_the_government_against_child_labour_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Policies\nof the government against child labour in India:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Government of India laid down a National\nPolicy on Child Labour in 1987 for eradicating Child Labour from India and to\nprovide rehabilitation for children working in hazardous occupations.\nGovernment launched \u201cSarva Shiksha Abhiyan\u201d in 2001-02 under the 10<sup>th<\/sup>\nfive year plan to provide elementary education to all age groups. Children\nbetween 5-9 years were directly enrolled under this scheme. This scheme\nresulted in a significant outcome. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On August 01, 2006, the Government imposed\na ban on employment of children as domestic servants or servants in dhabas\n(road side eateries), restaurants, hotels, motels, teashops, resorts, spas or\nin other recreational centers.<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Child_Labour_Protection_Regulation_Amendment_Act_2016\"><\/span><strong>Child\nLabour (Protection &#038; Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The Act increased the number of places\nwhere the child cannot be employed. The Act lays down ban on employment of\nchildren below 14 years in all occupations except in \u201cown account enterprises\u201d\ni.e. family business and in entertainment industry provided education of child\ndoes not get hampered.\nA new category of persons called \u201cadolescent (14-18\nyears)\u201d is added.\u00a0The amended Act prohibits employment of adolescents in\nhazardous occupations as specified (mines, inflammable substance and hazardous\nprocesses). The Central government has the power to add or omit any industry\nbeing stated in the list as \u201chazardous industry\u201d. The Act enhances the\npunishment increasing the fine from 20,000 to 50,000 and imprisonment 6 months\nto 2 years. The offence has been made cognizable for repeated offenders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Critical Analysis \u2013 1) The Act states list\nof hazardous occupation has been reduced which will encourage child labour.\nSection 4 of the Act gives discretionary power to the government authorities to\nrevise the list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) The child labour in family enterprises\nwould become a major concern as to forced labour. Section 3 (5) permits work in\nfamily or family enterprises and the hours of work is not defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) The Act contravenes the domestic\nlegislations reversing the gains of previous laws. It goes against the Right to\nEducation Act, 2009 by allowing children to work in family enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) Lacks the provisions regarding\nregulating, inspection and monitoring systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Efforts_of_Judiciary_against_the_problems_of_Child_Labour\"><\/span><strong>Efforts\nof Judiciary against the problems of Child Labour:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Several petitions (also in the form of\npublic interest litigations) have been filed in courts on the issues addressing\nchild labour, welfare and rights of child. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong><em>People\u2019s Union for Democratic Rights v Union\nof India<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\nthe issue concerned the conditions of workmen engaged in the construction work\nof various projects connected with the Asian Games, including child labour. The Court held that construction work was\n\u2018plainly and indubitably a hazardous employment\u2019, wherein employment of\nchildren below the age of 14 years would amount to a violation of fundamental\nrights under Article 24 of the Constitution. The court further stated No child\nwould willingly submit himself\/herself to work and only does so in the face of\ngreat deprivation and economic and social hardships. Identifying child labour\nas a form of forced labour, irrespective of the work being done, would help one\nunderstand the practice as a violation of fundamental rights of a child and as\nbeing against the spirit of the Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The same was held in the case of Labourers\nworking on <strong><em>Salal Hydro-project v. State of Jammu and Kashmir<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>.\nIn 1996, an another case highlighted the State\u2019s failure to effectively\nimplement the laws against child labour in <strong><em>M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>,\nthe Court issued detailed guidelines for the eradication of child labour. The\nCourt framed guidelines to the employers to provide separate premises for\nchildren, facilities for recreation and proper diet, though the children were\nallowed to work in match factories. The Court asked State Government to\nimplement these guidelines properly and form strict rules in regarding the\nemployment of children to factories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong><em>Sheela Barse v. Union of India<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\u00a0 the Supreme Court has ordered release of all\nchildren below the age of 16 years from jails in light of Article 39 (f). The\nCourt directed the States to set up necessary remand homes and juvenile courts.\nA child is an asset to the nation and, therefore, \u201cit is the duty of the State\nto look after the child with a view to ensuring full development of its\npersonality.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong><em>Lakshmi Kant Pandey v. Union of India<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0the Supreme Court has given a very wide and\nliberal interpretation to the Constitutional Provisions and has directed\nGovernment to take various steps for child welfare. Reading Article 15, 24,\n39(e) and 39(f), the Supreme Court has emphasized upon the importance of child\nwelfare in India. By interpreting above articles, the Court has laid down\ndetailed guidelines for the adoption of children by foreign parents as there\nwas no statute for this purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>PUCL vs. Union of India and others<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>,\nin 1998, dealt with the trafficking of children for labour. The court ordered\nthat Rs. 200,000 be paid as compensation to the brother of a child who was\ntrafficked for labour and beaten to death by the trafficker. Further, the court\nalso ordered compensation of Rs.75000 is paid to three other boys who were also\ntrafficked. While the states were asked to pay the compensation, they were also\nimplored by the court to actively work towards eradicating trafficking of\nchildren for labour or else become responsible for compensating victims within\ntheir jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong><em>Bachpan Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India\nand others<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>,\nin 2011, the Supreme Court, while dealing with the working and living\nconditions of children working in circuses, stressed on the fundamental right\nof children to free and compulsory education, as enshrined in Article 21A of\nthe Constitution. It directed the Central Government to issue notifications\nprohibiting the employment of children in circuses within two months, so as to\nimplement the fundamental right to education. Directions were also given to\nconduct simultaneous raids in all the circuses to liberate the children and\ncheck the violation of fundamental rights of the children. The rescued children\nwere to be kept in the Care and Protective Homes till they attain the age of 18\nyears. A proper scheme of rehabilitation of rescued children from circuses was\nsought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong><em>A. Srirama Babu vs. The Chief Secretary<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>,\n(1997) the High Court of Karnataka was of the opinion that there should be a\ntotal ban on employing children below the age of 10 in any employment and that\nthe law should also extend to children in the unorganized sector. Assisted by\nthe Campaign against Child Labour (CACL), the court acknowledged the need to\nremove the distinction between \u2018hazardous\u2019 and \u2018non-hazardous\u2019 employments and\nstated that \u201cHazard is not to be understood as a physical threat or injury\nalone. If the consequence of the labour rendered by him renders the child a\nsick and prematurely aged person, such labour certainly causes hazard to the health\nof the worker\u201d. Measures to ensure deterrence were also part of the court\u2019s\ndirections. These included non-renewal of license of an earring employer,\ndenial of statutory benefits such as tax holiday, rebate, etc. and punishment\nor penalty under CLPRA to be in addition to those prescribed under other laws\nthat may apply to an employer for employing children. The court also directed\naction against parents and guardians responsible for neglecting their children\nand their welfare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>Court\non its Own Motion v Government of NCT, Delhi<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>,\nthe Delhi High Court, in 2009, took note of the lack of implementation of the\nconstitutional mandate and statutory provisions regarding children and the\nabsence of coordination between different agencies of the Government of NCT of\nDelhi and other authorities. It directed the implementation of the Delhi Action\nPlan, as prepared by National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, by the\nLabour Department, with some modifications. The Action Plan provides a detailed\nplan for the interim care and protection of children rescued from labour, and\ndetails responsibilities of various authorities. The police have the power to\narrest the employers of the child labour as well as the owners of the premises\nlet out to such employers. In a situation where reports of physical, sexual and\neconomic exploitation of 16-17 year old maid servants in cities like Delhi were\non the rise, this judgement came as a great relief. The Court said that while\nthe CLPRA would not be applicable to the rescue of children above the age of 14\nyears and the liberation of child workers from non-hazardous occupations, these\nsituations would be governed by the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of\nChildren) Act, 2000 and the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Combating_child_labour_practice\"><\/span><strong>Combating\nchild labour practice:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Children need moral and material security\nand understanding of their psychological needs. There are two main approaches\nto combat child labour &#8211; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Traditional\nApproach \u2013 It emphasizes on legislations and their active and proper\nenforcement by various governmental agencies and their officials.<\/li><li>New\nor Practical Approach \u2013 This approach may also be called comprehensive or\npragmatic. Both the government and non-government organizations are involved in\ndealing with the problem. They provide protection to working children and\ntrying to make the work \u2018more humane\u2019. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles_underlying_elimination_of_child_labour\"><\/span><strong>Principles\nunderlying elimination of child labour:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Schooling\nfor learning and practical problem solving<\/li><li>Integrated\nphysical, mental and social development<\/li><li>Protection\nto working children<\/li><li>Making\nwork creative and educated<\/li><li>Working\nchildren should be made to feel themselves as agents of change.<\/li><li>Employers\ncan also contribute by stopping employing children and by obeying the rules and\nregulations.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Though there being various Constitutional\nprovisions and legislations for controlling child labour in India there is a\nproblem in its implementation. The children are still being exploited and there\nhas been recent increases in child labour statistics after the new amendment\nact has come into force i.e. Child Labour (Protection &#038; Regulation)\nAmendment Act, 2016. The steps taken by the government to combat the menace of\nchild labour shows that it totally desires to eliminate child labour. Despite\nsuch number of enactments and policies, it has been not a proper measure to\ncontrol child labour. Child labour is still prevalent in India due to certain\nreasons i.e. poverty, low wages of the adults, unemployment, lack of education,\nmigration to urban areas etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without there being so many reasons no\nchild would have to toil his life in pity and vain. Out of all causes, poverty\nis the basic reason which compels a parent to send his child to work.\n\u201dOtherwise, no parents, specially no mother, would like that a tender aged\nchild should toil in a factory in a difficult condition, instead of it enjoying\nits childhood at home the paternal gaze.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Right to education has been a good scheme\nto combat child labour but there are still some major efforts needed by the\ngovernment and the people. Both are responsible for the development of a child\nto reach ultimate goals in life and to schedule their nations on the path of\nprosperous growth. There is a major defect in implementation of the laws on\nground level due to corruption and ignorance of law as a method. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Child labour as an activity has become a\nvicious cycle to attain its momentum till proper brakes of law are applied to\nit. Poverty is the reason and major cause for child labour which leads to lack\nof education and absence of literacy in the society. The lack of education\nfurther leads to unemployment and less skills due to lack of diligence to\nlearn. This makes society more poor and uneducated. The scheme of free\neducation to children has also not worked out fully into the terms as due to\ntraditional attitudes of parents and families to not to send to schools and\ninstead make them work as child labourers in the fields or in industries. There\nis an uneducated approach of parents for not sending schools to children to\njust fear as there is no guarantee of jobs in future. And instead make their\nchild work in industries just to make up some family income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The schemes related to mid-day meals, free\nbooks and stationeries are working out their level gradually but that does not\nseem to be implemented but in actual sense shall be implied. Ground level small\ngroups should be formed to keep a check on such implications of schemes. Other\nthan the government, there is also a responsibility upon individuals to state\nto facts to the authorities of any such cruel acts of child labour being\ncarried out in the nearby areas of the society. There should be co-operation\nbetween government and non-government organizations dealing with the menace of\nchild labour. There is also a suggestion to follow International norms in\nrespect of child labour related laws and take examples from the nations who\nhave already eradicated the menace of child labour from the society through its\nstringent law and policy programme.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>Working Children, Census\nof India 2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Working\nChildren, Census of India 2011<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Indian Factory Act, 15<sup>th<\/sup>\nApril, 1881<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> The National Commission\non Labour 1969; The Gurupadswamy Committee on Labour 1976 and Sanat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mehta\nCommittee 1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> Press Information\nBureau, Government of India, MLD\/L.53 (Cpi-iw) 1.8.2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> AIR 1982 SC 1473<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> AIR 1984 SC 177: (1983)\n2 SCC 181<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> (1996) 6 SCC 756<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> AIR 1986 SC 1773:\n(1986)3 SCC 596<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> AIR 1984 SC 469: (1984)\n2 SCC 244<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> (1998) 8 SCC485<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> AIR 2011 SC 3361<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> ILR 1997 KAR 2269<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> 163 (2009) DLT 641<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> M.C. Mehta v. State of\nTamil Nadu : AIR(1996) 6 SCC 756<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aditya Tripathi &#038; Himanshi Tripathi | Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam | 11th November 2019 Introduction: \u201cChildhood should be carefree playing in sun, not living a NIGHTMARE in the darkness of the soul\u201d -Dave Pelzer, A Child called \u201cit\u201d Childhood is the age of pleasure and enjoyment. It is the stage where the infant [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[34],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Child Labour- Legal Protection and Welfare - LexForti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/child-labour-legal-protection-and-welfare\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Child Labour- Legal Protection and Welfare - LexForti\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aditya Tripathi &#038; Himanshi Tripathi | Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam | 11th November 2019 Introduction: \u201cChildhood should be carefree playing in sun, not living a NIGHTMARE in the darkness of the soul\u201d -Dave Pelzer, A Child called \u201cit\u201d Childhood is the age of pleasure and enjoyment. 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