{"id":5349,"date":"2020-09-27T18:17:57","date_gmt":"2020-09-27T18:17:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=5349"},"modified":"2021-01-17T05:21:22","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T05:21:22","slug":"rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Rule of Hearsay under Indian Evidence Act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This Article on Rule of Hearsay Evidence under Indian Evidence Act is written by Aditi Singh | Army Institute of Law, Mohali | 27th September 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a2231d16e9e7\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a2231d16e9e7\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Types_of_Evidence\" title=\"Types of Evidence\">Types of Evidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Hearsay_Evidence\" title=\"Hearsay Evidence\">Hearsay Evidence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Definition\" title=\"Definition&nbsp;\">Definition&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Admissibility\" title=\"Admissibility\">Admissibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Hearsay_in_the_Indian_Legal_Context\" title=\"Hearsay in the Indian Legal Context\">Hearsay in the Indian Legal Context<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Hearsay_under_the_Indian_Evidence_Act\" title=\"Hearsay under the Indian Evidence Act\">Hearsay under the Indian Evidence Act<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Exceptions_to_Hearsay_under_the_Indian_Evidence_Act\" title=\"Exceptions to Hearsay under the Indian Evidence Act\">Exceptions to Hearsay under the Indian Evidence Act<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Res_Gestae\" title=\"Res Gestae\">Res Gestae<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Admission_and_Confession\" title=\"Admission and Confession\">Admission and Confession<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Dying_Declaration\" title=\"Dying Declaration\">Dying Declaration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Evidence_given_in_formal_proceedings\" title=\"Evidence given in formal proceedings\">Evidence given in formal proceedings<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">One of the most significant facets of a legal proceeding is the availability and admissibility of&nbsp;<em>evidence<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>proof<\/em>. Herein, evidence is a \u201c<em>material item or assertion of fact<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn1\"><sup><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em>\u201d which is admissible in the Court of Law so as to establish or verify the validity of any specific purported fact which might be under inquiry or examination before the same. Therefore,&nbsp;Evidence Law is the part of the juridical climate which mandates the directives and proper applications\u2014regulating the proof of facts in a litigation process. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Since its inception (wherein little to&nbsp;no distinction was made between civil and criminal matters or between fact and law<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;with the burden of proof lying on the accused to prove otherwise) this law has massively evolved over the period of time in the legal systems around the world, focusing majorly on admissibility and adequacy of said evidence. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (<em>hereinafter referred to as<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018the IEA\u2019) is the statute, in force, in India which encompasses the rules and regulations for proper administration of evidence in Indian cases and legal procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Evidence\"><\/span>Types of Evidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">The IEA\u2014comprises of III parts with XI chapters\u2014and mentions several different types of evidences which are: oral, documentary<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>, primary<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>, secondary<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>, judicial, non-judicial, direct, indirect (or circumstantial) and hearsay evidence.<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Herein, Oral Evidence is referred to in S. 60 of the IEA wherein these evidences are directly seen\/heard by the witness in their testimony and not through a medium.&nbsp;&nbsp;Primary Evidence is the most preferred form of evidence and permissible whereas secondary evidence is used; when primary evidence isn\u2019t available. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Judicial and Non-Judicial evidences comprise of <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/types-of-confessions-under-the-indian-evidence-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">confessions<\/a> with the slight exception of the presence of a magistrate in the former and the latter relates to an out-of-court confession. Direct and <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/it-is-well-settled-that-to-base-conviction-solely-on-the-circumstantial-evidence-unless-chain-of-circumstances-is-established-conviction-cannot-be-recorded\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Circumstantial evidence on the other hand determines the establishment of a fact<\/a>; and, a form of indirect evidence which cannot be termed as a definitive proof but a basic idea, respectively. Finally, Hearsay is another form of proof under the IEA. It is the most infirm evidence and doesn\u2019t involve the witness\u2019s individual knowledge or experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hearsay_Evidence\"><\/span>Hearsay Evidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition\"><\/span><u>Definition&nbsp;<\/u><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Comprising of two words,&nbsp;<em>\u2018hear\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>\u2018say\u2019,&nbsp;<\/em>this term defines a testimony based on no personal communications but what a witness may have heard others say over an out-of-court conversation like second hand information. Hearsay has always been considered as an inferior form of evidence when compared with direct testimony by witnesses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Furthermore, according to Lord Reid, \u201cIt is difficult to make any general statement about the law of hearsay which is entirely accurate\u201d. It goes to show that there has always been a sense of ambiguity when it comes to the specifications of this rule. In a general sense, hearsay evidence means the statement provided by a person who in the particular case hasn\u2019t witnessed the original situation or its undertakings, rather has heard its circumstances or happenings from some other third person<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Admissibility\"><\/span><u>Admissibility<\/u><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Since there\u2019s a definite downside of inaccuracies, misinformation and fabrication present in the testimony provided by the person as,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><em>(i)<\/em>&nbsp;the person giving such evidence doesn\u2019t hold any sense of responsibility,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><em>(ii)<\/em>&nbsp;there\u2019s also the possibility of dilution of the truth with each repetition and,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><em>(iii)<\/em>&nbsp;there\u2019s ample scope for playing fraud under the cover of being heard from another person<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">therefore, the common rule in regards to this form of evidence is that it\u2019s not admissible in proof of a fact which has been states&nbsp;&nbsp;by a third person. Regardless, it still harbours several exceptions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hearsay_in_the_Indian_Legal_Context\"><\/span>Hearsay in the Indian Legal Context<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hearsay_under_the_Indian_Evidence_Act\"><\/span><em><u>Hearsay under the Indian Evidence Act<\/u><\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">The Apex Court in the case of,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/386344\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kalyan Kumar Gogoi v. Ashutosh Agnihotri &amp; Anr<\/a>.<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>while<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>elaborating on the concept of hearsay, observed that, \u201cThe term&nbsp;<em>hearsay<\/em>&nbsp;is used with reference to what is done or written as well as to what is spoken and in its legal sense, it denotes that kind of evidence which does not derive its value solely from the credit given to the witness himself, but which rests also, in part, on the veracity and competence of some other person.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">However, it has also been held by the Privy Council and then reiterated in the case of&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/970931\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rabindar Nath Thakur v. Union of India &amp; Ors<\/a>.<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>, by the Patna High Court that, \u201cEvidence of a statement made to a witness by a person who is not himself called as witness may or may not be hearsay. It is hearsay and&nbsp;<em>inadmissible<\/em>&nbsp;when the object of the evidence is to establish the truth of what is contained in the statement.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Furthermore, it is pertinent to note here that it would constitute as admissible when the establishment of the fact isn\u2019t proposed to be done by the mere truth of the statement but by the evidence and the fact that it was made<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>. Hence, the term, \u2018hearsay\u2019 is not mentioned anywhere in the IEA so as to escape ambiguity and inaccuracy in the particular statute<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;And this particular form of evidence is inadmissible under the Indian Statute; except a few exceptions defined in the IEA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exceptions_to_Hearsay_under_the_Indian_Evidence_Act\"><\/span><em><u>Exceptions to Hearsay under the Indian Evidence Act<\/u><\/em><em><u><\/u><\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">It has been observed that, \u201cthe rule against the admission of hearsay evidence is fundamental\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>. Furthermore, the Indian Evidence Act, under chapter IV regulating oral evidence, stipulates, \u201cOral evidence must, in all cases, whatever, be direct\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Therefore it\u2019s clear that the person contrary to hearsay must have personally seen or heard the fact in question. However, this cannot by any stretch of imagination, be extended to mean that direct evidence of hearsay evidence would be admissible as a circumstance to establish a fact<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;however there are a few cases which are the exceptions to this rule and admissible in a Court of law. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">The main exceptions are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Res Gestae;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Admission and Confession;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dying Declaration and;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidence given in formal proceedings;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Res_Gestae\"><\/span><strong>Res Gestae<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">The Black Law Dictionary defines&nbsp;<em>res gestae<\/em>&nbsp;as, \u201c<em>things done<\/em>.\u201d Under Evidence law, words and statements regarding res gestae are admissible under the hearsay exception<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>. The IEA, under S. 6 defines res gestae as connected with the facts in issue as, \u201cfacts which form part of the same transaction\u201d irrespective of occurrence<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;wherein the word&nbsp;<em>\u2018transaction\u2019<\/em>can be interpreted in several ways. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Furthermore, the Courts have also observed that; \u201cthe statement of law in section 6 of the Evidence Act is usually known as Res Gestae. The literal meaning of the word&nbsp;<em>\u2019res\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>everything that may form an object of rights and includes an object, subject matter or status<\/em>.\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;In this scenario, once the statement is made, it may be further proved during the legal proceedings by another person appearing as a witness wherein the aforesaid statement is a part of the same transaction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">For instance, where the witness arrived at the scene of the crime on hearing firing; and saw the injured who conveyed the assailant\u2019s identity therein was admissible under S. 6 since it was a part of the&nbsp;<em>same transaction<\/em>&nbsp;which in the instant case was the act of shooting<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Herein, it is noteworthy that res gestae as defined in S. 6 is further expounded and illustrated in sections 7, 8, 9 and 14 of the Act and hence should be read with them simultaneously<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>. This sections scope lies in its ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Admission_and_Confession\"><\/span>Admission and Confession<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Admissions and Confessions are defined under S. 17 \u2013 23 and S. 24 \u2013 30 respectively.&nbsp;&nbsp;Admission is a statement<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>which provides inference to any fact in issue or relevant fact<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Confession on the other had is the admittance by a person of their own guilt in a court of law. Unlike Admission, confession isn\u2019t defines under the IEA. The provisions pertaining to the same i.e. from S. 24 \u2013 30, define the different provisions regarding confessions like cases where they are irrelevant\u2014caused by inducement, threat, or promise; or a police officer\u2014confessions in police custody and others.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Herein when there\u2019s an admission of liability or confession of <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/can-extra-judicial-confessions-alone-be-used-as-an-evidence-in-grievous-crime-such-as-murder\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">guilt extra-judicially or out of court<\/a>, the testimony may be proved though the person to whom such statement was made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dying_Declaration\"><\/span>Dying Declaration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">In the case of,&nbsp;<strong>Muthu Kutty and Anr. v. State by Inspector of Police, T.N.<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn23\"><sup><strong>[23]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong>the&nbsp;Apex Court held that, \u201cThe law regarding dying declaration is that it is an exception to the general rule against hearsay evidence elaborated in section 60 of the Evidence Act.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">There are some situations where people can\u2019t be called to the court as a witness. These statements are mostly of deceased persons<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;given to any other person when it relates to cause of death. The circumstances in which such other person (to whom the declaration has been made) appears before court as a witness testifying as to what he heard, in such special circumstances hearsay may be declared as relevant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evidence_given_in_formal_proceedings\"><\/span>Evidence given in formal proceedings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">S. 33 of the IEA provides for the usage of statements given by a particular witness in former proceedings as evidence of the truth of the facts stated further, in subsequent proceedings in the same case, wherein the said victim has died or is unable to appear before court.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Other than the aforementioned there are some other specific exceptions to the rule of hearsay. S. 35 defines, \u201c<em>relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty<\/em>\u201d. Herein statements in public documents are relevant statements and though the person may not be alive their previously made ones, are admissible in Court. Furthermore, entries in books of accounts under S. 34 as well as opinions of experts provided under S. 45 \u2013 51 are admissible as well.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">The rule of hearsay regulates the drawing of evidential inferences<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>. The Apex Court in the case of&nbsp;<strong>State of Haryana v. Rattan Singh<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;held that,&nbsp;<em>\u201cthere is no allergy to hearsay evidence in such enquiry provided it has reasonable nexus and credibility<\/em>\u201d. Even though the rule of hearsay is simple enough, it\u2019s still a complicated at best once when it comes to <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/taking-undue-advantage-of-the-legal-process-is-unacceptable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">legal processes<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">And although not completely admissible or inadmissible mostly anywhere, it holds differentiated specifications in the legal systems around the world. It should be of prime importance that when deciding on these matters the courts need to take into consideration all the circumstances and facts specific to them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Conclusively, since the law requires every piece of evidence to be given under person responsibility<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftn27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;i.e. a sense of accountability which would dismiss any chance of falsifying statements without liability, therefore such statements are inadmissible with the exception of special circumstances.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Heinrich Nagel &amp; Jerry Norton,&nbsp;<em>Evidence<\/em>,&nbsp;Encyclopaedia Britannica&nbsp;(Oct. 27, 2011), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/evidence-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/evidence-law<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Id<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Indian Evidence Act \u00a7 3 (1872).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Ibid \u00a7 62 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Id. \u00a7 63<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Shivam Singh,&nbsp;<em>Different Kinds of Evidences &amp; Witnesses Under the Indian Evidence Act<\/em>,&nbsp;Legal Era&nbsp;(July 30, 2020, 6:38 AM), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legaleraonline.com\/articles\/different-kinds-of-evidences-witnesses-under-the-indian-evidence-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.legaleraonline.com\/articles\/different-kinds-of-evidences-witnesses-under-the-indian-evidence-act<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Dr. Caesar Roy,&nbsp;<em>Hearsay Rule and Doctrine of Res Gestae \u2014 An Analytical study with reference to Indian Evidence Act, 1872<\/em>, 4 JCIL 65, 66 (2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Vepa P. Sarathi,&nbsp;Law of Evidence&nbsp;18-19 (Abhinandan Malik ed., Eastern Book Company 2017) (1961).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;(2011) 2 SCC 532.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;(1998) 3 PLJR 495.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Subramaniam v. <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/private-counsel-engaged-by-victim-to-assist-public-prosecutor-cannot-make-oral-argument-or-cross-examine-witnesses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Public Prosecutor<\/a><\/em>, (1956) 1 WLR 965.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>The Legal Blog Team,&nbsp;<em>Hearsay Evidence: The Law<\/em>,&nbsp;The Legal Blog&nbsp;(Jan. 23, 2011, 11:09 PM),<a href=\"http:\/\/www.legalblog.in\/2011\/01\/hearsay-evidence-law.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> http:\/\/www.legalblog.in\/2011\/01\/hearsay-evidence-law.html<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.casemine.com\/judgement\/uk\/5b2897ce2c94e06b9e19b6d9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Teper v. The Queen<\/a><\/em>, [1952] A.C. 980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Indian Evidence Act \u00a7 60 (1872).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/142543\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Surender v. State<\/a>,<\/em>&nbsp;ILR (2009) VI DELHI 549.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Bryan A. Garner,&nbsp;Black\u2019s Law Dictionary&nbsp;1335 (8<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;ed. 2008).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Indian Evidence Act \u00a7 6 (1872).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/956135\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Babulal Choukhani v. Western Indian Theatres Ltd. &amp; Ors<\/a><\/em>., AIR 1957 Cal. 709.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/298217\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sukhar v. State of Uttar Pradesh<\/a><\/em>, AIR 1999 SC 3883.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Id<\/em>, at 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;\u201cOral or documentary or contained in electronic form\u201d, Act 21 of 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Indian Evidence Act \u00a7 17 (1872).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;(2005) 9 SCC 113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Indian Evidence Act \u00a7 32(1) (1872).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;H. L. Ho,&nbsp;<em>A Theory of Hearsay<\/em>, 19 OJLS 403, 419 (1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;(1977) 2 SCC 491.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/ED47F23C-5D29-40B0-A9D2-89AEE1E1B312#_ftnref27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Kalyan Kumar Gogoi<\/em>, (2011) 2 SCC 532,&nbsp;<em>Id<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This Article on Rule of Hearsay Evidence under Indian Evidence Act is written by Aditi Singh | Army Institute of Law, Mohali | 27th September 2020 Introduction One of the most significant facets of a legal proceeding is the availability and admissibility of&nbsp;evidence&nbsp;or&nbsp;proof. Herein, evidence is a \u201cmaterial item or assertion of fact[1]\u201d which is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":5350,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[69,104],"tags":[2217,2214,2215],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Rule of Hearsay under Indian Evidence Act - LexForti Legal Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This Article on Rule of Hearsay Evidence under Indian Evidence Act is written by Aditi Singh | Army Institute of Law, Mohali.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rule-of-hearsay-under-indian-evidence-act\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rule of Hearsay under Indian Evidence Act - 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