{"id":5623,"date":"2020-10-11T09:28:10","date_gmt":"2020-10-11T09:28:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=5623"},"modified":"2021-01-17T05:19:58","modified_gmt":"2021-01-17T05:19:58","slug":"rights-of-prisoners-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Rights of Prisoners in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Rights of Prisoners in India written by Aditi Singh student of Army Institute of Law, Mohali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><em>\u201cThe extent to which human rights are respected and protected within the context of its criminal proceeding is an important measure of society\u2019s civilisation\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn1\"><sup><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2013 Justice P.N. Bhagwati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a221d9a93755\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a221d9a93755\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Status_of_Prisoners_in_India\" title=\"Status of Prisoners in India\">Status of Prisoners in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Rights_of_Prisoners_in_India\" title=\"Rights of Prisoners in India\">Rights of Prisoners in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Everyone has a right to be treated with respect and dignity; everyone has basic and <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/courts-would-not-interfere-with-a-policy-decision-unless-there-is-a-violation-of-either-fundamental-rights-or-any-provision-of-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fundamental rights<\/a> enshrined to them under the law regardless of the person\u2019s status, circumstance or nature, even if the person is behind bars. Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that,&nbsp;<em>\u201cNo one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment\u201d.<\/em>&nbsp;Subsequently Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 creates an obligation for the State parties to it that,&nbsp;<em>\u201cNo one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;The prisoners usually face stigma\u2014the government\u2019s effort is to avoid their contact with the society and takes away the freedom of mobility. This in turn denies a chance of a prisoner to get reformed. The <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/case-finder\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Supreme Court<\/a> in the landmark case of&nbsp;<strong>Union of India v. V. Sriharan<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>, declared that the sentences in which the court orders that the convicted persons should spend the whole life or at least a minimum number of years behind bars and puts those terms beyond the scope of remission by the government, are valid sentences, but only the Supreme Court and High Courts would have the power to order such terms<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Status_of_Prisoners_in_India\"><\/span><strong><u>Status of Prisoners in India<\/u><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Theoretically, punishment provided for a particular offence should correspond to the harm that would plausibly result from conduct of the perpetrator. Ideally, stipulation of punishment in penal law involves quantification and scaling of both the harms, the harm plausibly result from the prohibited human conduct (in the form of crime) and the harm to be inflicted (in the form of punishment) on the wilful perpetrator, by the legislature<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;As far as the current state of prisoners in India is concerned\u2014it\u2019s atrocious. The Prison Statistics India Report, 2015 indicates that, \u201c67 per cent of India\u2019s prison population comprises of under trial prisoners. This number has been consistently high, at an average of 66.97 per cent over the last 15 years\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Furthermore, these trends aren\u2019t current in nature. According to the latest amnesty report of India, about 415 persons died in the custody of police and security forces due to torture between 1 January 1985 and 1 November 1991. Examining the cases of custody death, the same reports points out that not more than 42 magisterial enquiries were conducted; judicial enquiries were ordered in 20 cases; criminal charges were framed in 52 cases; police officers were arrested in 25 cases and only in 3 cases the guilty were known to have been convicted by the Court<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>. Therefore, it can be conclusively stated that the status of prisoners under the criminal judicial system has always been appalling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally even though the right to <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/the-preventive-detention-is-an-encroachment-upon-the-personal-liberty-of-an-individual-and-cannot-be-said-to-be-encroached-in-a-casual-manner-moreover-possibility-of-political-influence-cannot-be-ru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">personal liberty<\/a> is a fundamental right recognized by our Constitution, in the case of&nbsp;<strong>A.K. Gopalan v. Union of India<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>, the Supreme Court took the view that the right to personal liberty guaranteed by article 21 was not violated if the deprivation of personal liberty was permissible by \u201cprocedure established by law\u201d and it was immaterial and of no consequence whether that law was just or unjust, fair or unfair, reasonable or unreasonable<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>. There is herein, an unquestionable need to reform the criminal justice system and protect the rights of the prisoners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rights_of_Prisoners_in_India\"><\/span><strong><u>Rights of Prisoners in India<\/u><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prisoners&nbsp;are some of the worst victims of the violation of fundamental rights. Over the past 30 years, the Supreme Court of India has reiterated the Principle&nbsp;<em>\u201cimprisonment does not spell farewell to fundamental rights\u201d<\/em><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>. Thus, the Court has cordially declared that for a <a href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/supreme-court-declares-detention-of-under-trial-prisoners-is-unconstitutional\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">prisoner the fundamental rights<\/a> are enforceable reality, though restricted by the fact of imprisonment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keeping the severity of prisoners\u2019 rights in mind, the Supreme Court said that Article 21 of the Constitution is available to the prisoners because the prisoner does not become a non-person. The Court says that it is not justified to aggravate the pain and suffering of the prisoners which is already inherent in the process of incarceration<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the Supreme Court, while physical assaults are to be totally eliminated even pushing the prisoners into a solitary cell, denial and necessary facility, transferring prisoners to a distant prison, allotment of degrading labour, assigning him\/her to desperate or tough gang, etc. must satisfy Articles 21, 11 and 19 of the Constitution. The young inmates must be separated and freed from exploitation by adults. Any harsh isolation from society for long or lengthy cellular detention can be inflicted only consistently with fair procedure. Subject to discipline and security,&nbsp;prisoners&nbsp;must be given their right to meet his fellowmen\/fellow women, interviews, visits and confidential communication with lawyers nominated by the competent authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a comprehensive judgment delivered in&nbsp;<em>Rama Murthy<\/em>&nbsp;v.&nbsp;<em>State of Karnataka<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn11\"><sup><strong>[11]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em>&nbsp;on December, 1996, the Supreme Court observed that there were nine major problems that affected the prison system in India and required immediate attention. These include: \u201covercrowding, delay in trial, torture and ill-treatment, neglect of health hygiene, insubstantial food and adequate clothing, prison vices, deficiency in communication, streamlining of jail visits and management of open air prisons\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>. While issuing show cause notices to central and State Governments on the relevant points, the Court has emphasised, inter alia that \u201cthe need to consider the enactment of a new prison law on the lines suggested by the National Human&nbsp;Rights&nbsp;Commission, and the formulation of a new Model Jail Manual for the country as whole\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following&nbsp;rights&nbsp;of&nbsp;prisoners&nbsp;have been recognised under the various Indian laws governing prisons, for instance, the <a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/52066971\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prisoners Act, 1900<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1747275\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1264536\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950<\/a>; and several other etc. by the Supreme Court and High Court rulings as well as those recommended by Expert Committees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Right to be lodged appropriately based on proper classification,<\/li><li>Special right of young&nbsp;prisoners&nbsp;to be segregated from adult prisoners,<\/li><li>Rights&nbsp;of women prisoners<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>,<\/li><li>Right to healthy environment and timely medical services,<\/li><li>Right to bail,<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Section 436-A of the Criminal Procedure Code, lays down the right of an under trial to apply for bail once he\/she has served one-half of the maximum term of sentence he\/she would have served had he\/she been convicted. The section further lays down what the court may order on a bail application filed under this section on hearing the public prosecutor.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Right to speedy trial,<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Right to free legal services,<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Right to have interviews with one&#8217;s lawyer,<\/li><li>Section 12(2) of the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Apex Court in the case of&nbsp;<strong>Veena Sethi v. State of Bihar<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn18\"><sup><strong>[18]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/strong>regulates, \u201cRight against being detained for more than the period of sentence imposed by the Court\u201d,<\/li><li>Right to protection against being forced into sexual activities,<\/li><li>\u201cRight against arbitrary use of handcuffs and fetters\u201d, was established to in the case of&nbsp;<strong>Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Admn<\/strong>.<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Provided under&nbsp;<strong>Franics Mullin v. Union Territory of Delhi<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>, Right against torture, cruel and degrading punishment. Furthermore, it has also been observed that, \u201cRight to be compensated for violation of human rights\u201d<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>,<\/li><li>Several rights have further been defined in the case of&nbsp;<strong>Sunil Batra (II) v. Delhi Admn<\/strong>.<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Right not be punished with solitary confinement for a prison offence; Right to air grievances to effective remedy; Right to evoke the writ Habeas Corpus against prison authorities for excesses; Right to visit and access by family members of prisoners; Right to write letters to family and friends and to receive letters, magazines, etc.; Right to reformative programmes; Right to information about prisons rules,<\/li><li>Right against arbitrary prison punishment.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Life in prison and&nbsp;rights&nbsp;of&nbsp;prisoners&nbsp;are the topics which have been at the centre of human&nbsp;rights&nbsp;discourse since long time. In the celebrated judgment in&nbsp;<strong>Sunil Batra (II)<em>&nbsp;<\/em>case<\/strong><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Justice Krishna Iyer<\/em>&nbsp;ruled that a prisoner is not denuded of his or her basic human&nbsp;rights&nbsp;upon incarceration although the exercise of these&nbsp;rights&nbsp;may be circumscribed by the very nature of imprisonment. He frowned against solitary confinement and ruled that putting iron bars or fetters on&nbsp;prisoners&nbsp;is unconstitutional, unless it is imperative in the interest of security<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the task of protecting human rights that prisoners are entitled to and of implementing progressive ruling of the Supreme Court and High Courts and recommendations made by various commissions and committees on prison reforms including radical reforms suggested by the National Human Rights Commission call for a thorough restructuring and reorganisation of prisons in India<a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftn25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>. Conclusively, there is a strong need to increase awareness and remove the social stigma surrounding convict rights under the criminal judicial system, prompting efficient working, regularization and implementation of their rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;P.N. Bhagwati,&nbsp;<em>Human Rights in the Criminal Justice System<\/em>, 27 JILI 1, 1 (1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;2015 SCC OnLine SC 1267.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Shubham Patel &amp; Shivam Yadav,&nbsp;<em>New Dimensions in Sentencing vis-a-vis Rights of Prisoners<\/em>, 6.2 NULJ 31, 31 (2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;K.I. Vibhute,&nbsp;<em>Right to Human Dignity of Convict under Shadow of Death and Freedoms Behind the Bars in India: A Reflective Perception<\/em>, 58 JILI 15, 16 (2016).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Aparna Chandra &amp; Keerthana Medarametla,&nbsp;<em>Bail and Incarceration: The State of Undertrial Prisoners in India<\/em>, Approaches to Justice in India (2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;R.S. Saini,&nbsp;<em>Custodial Torture in Law and Practice with Reference to India<\/em>, 36 JILI 166, 166 (1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;AIR 1950 SC 27.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;R.V. Kelkar,&nbsp;<em>Law of Arrest: Some problems and Incongruities<\/em>, 22 JILI 314, 315 (1980).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Charles Sobraj v. Supt., Central Jail, AIR 1978 SC 1514<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Sunil Batra&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Delhi Admn<em>.<\/em>,&nbsp;1978) 4 SCC 494.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;AIR 1997 SC 1739&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Arvind Tiwari,&nbsp;<em>Human Rights, Ethics &amp; Prison Administration in India: A Critical Overview<\/em>, 2 RMLNLUJ 43, 60 (2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1983 SC 378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Motiram v. State of M.P., AIR 1978 SC 1594.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1978 SC 1548.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;AIR 1983 SC 339.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;AIR 1980 SC 1535.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;AIR 1981 SC 746.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Rudul Shah v. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC 1086.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;(1980) 3 SCC 488.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Soli J. Sorabjee,&nbsp;<em>Human Rights Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of India<\/em>, 3 SCC J-26, J-28 \u2013 J-29 (2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata:\/\/6E36FD5E-509A-4C6D-9FEA-925261052922#_ftnref25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Supra<\/em>, note 12.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rights of Prisoners in India written by Aditi Singh student of Army Institute of Law, Mohali. \u201cThe extent to which human rights are respected and protected within the context of its criminal proceeding is an important measure of society\u2019s civilisation\u201d[1] \u00a0\u2013 Justice P.N. Bhagwati. Introduction Everyone has a right to be treated with respect and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":5624,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[101,69],"tags":[2086,2304,2303,2306],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Rights of Prisoners in India - LexForti Legal News &amp; Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rights of Prisoners in India written by Aditi Singh student of Army Institute of Law, Mohali. 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