{"id":8512,"date":"2021-01-27T17:18:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T17:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/?p=8512"},"modified":"2021-02-06T17:54:03","modified_gmt":"2021-02-06T17:54:03","slug":"powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate\/","title":{"rendered":"Powers of Police Officer to Investigate"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Powers of Police Officer to Investigate written by Prapti Doshi student of Institute of Law, Nirma University<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018Police\u2019 is not defined under the CrPC, but the \u201cofficer in charge of a police station\u201d [S.2(o)], police report [S.2(r)] and police station [S.2(s)] have been defined. The word \u2018police\u2019 is normally used as a noun, which has a dictionary meaning: the civil force of a state, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order. (Oxford Dictionary)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Another Definition from New Webster Dictionary says: (it is) \u2018A department of government responsible for the preservation of public order, detection of crime and enforcement of civil law.\u2019&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Police are part of the executive system. The <a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/100185671\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indian Police Act, 1861<\/a> says: the word \u2018Police\u2019 shall include all persons who shall be enrolled under the Police Act. (S.1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Apart from Central \u2013 Police Act, some States have their own Police Act e.g. Bombay Police Act (Maharashtra), Gujarat Police Act, Kerala Police Act etc. As the maintenance of law and order is the primary duty of each State Government, Police is governed by State Law. Police is the first machinery, which can be moved and used in case of cognizable offences, as it has power to arrest without warrant and power to investigate in such cases without any orders\/s from the magistrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_47_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6a38db16d2c6a\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6a38db16d2c6a\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate\/#OVERVIEW\" title=\"OVERVIEW:\">OVERVIEW:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate\/#Origination_of_Criminal_Proceedings\" title=\"Origination of Criminal Proceedings:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\">Origination of Criminal Proceedings:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate\/#Section-155_Information_as_to_non-cognizable_cases_and_investigation_of_such_cases\" title=\"Section-155: Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases:&nbsp;\">Section-155: Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate\/#Section-156_Police_officer%E2%80%99s_power_to_investigate_cognizable_case\" title=\"Section-156: Police officer\u2019s power to investigate cognizable case:\">Section-156: Police officer\u2019s power to investigate cognizable case:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"OVERVIEW\"><\/span><strong>OVERVIEW:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Criminal Law is basically divided in two parts: Substantive and Procedural. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1569253\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indian Penal Code, 1860<\/a> and other Penal Acts are substantive laws, which define the offences and prescribed various kind of punishment including the quantum of punishment. Under these penal enactments, we also understand the essential ingredients of each offence, which is crystalized by legal provision i.e. section of the Act. On the other hand, the procedural law lays down a course for operation of such substantive law. It specifies the nature and scope of the proceedings as well as how the legal process is to be initiated and be linked with the provision of the substantive law e.g. when, where and how.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a well-known feature of the Criminal Law that anyone can put motion in criminal law, so a stranger can move it too, subject to few statutory exception e.g. u\/s.376-B of the IPC: Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation, but it is cognizable offence only on a condition that: if it is upon a complaint of the victim (as per the First Schedule under <a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/445276\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the CrPC<\/a>). Hence, the principle of locus standi is applicable for this offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, as per the two categories of offences, the criminal cases can also be divided into two groups:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>&nbsp;Cases, wherein Police can arrest person\/s without warrant and it has power to investigate without any order\/s of the Magistrate;<\/li><li>Cases, wherein Police cannot make any arrest without warrant and does not have power to investigate without specific order\/s of the Magistrate.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Origination_of_Criminal_Proceedings\"><\/span><strong>Origination of Criminal Proceedings:<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Commission of cognizable offence\/s affects the society at large. As soon as it is committed, information about the same is required to be reached at the Police, whose duty is to protect law and order. Here, the meaning of information is also necessary to understand and comprehend.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Information regarding the crime is: \u2018facts provided\u2019 or \u2018learned about something or someone\u2019 [Oxford Dictionary]. Information could be anything: data, knowledge, an incident, a happening, an occurrence or everything \u2013 which the mind can perceive by its senses.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Chapter-XII of the CrPC deals with \u2018Information to the Police and their Powers to Investigate\u2019. Here the set of Sections-154 to 176 are designed for the process of investigation and intricacies of such investigation under the procedural law.&nbsp;<\/li><li>However, Chapter-V of the CrPC, which prescribes the legal provisions of \u2018Arrest of Persons\u2019. Here, the group of Sections: 41 to 60 deal with the conditions and requirements of \u2018Arrest\u2019, which is again not defined anywhere under the CrPC.&nbsp;<\/li><li>However, normally arrest would come only after the commission of an offence and so, it is not a condition precedent of an investigation of a crime by a police, if it is cognizable in nature.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Nonetheless, beginning of criminal proceedings is generally with the information regarding the cognizable offence and so, we start with the same by understanding the concept of FIR (First Information Report), which is also not defined anywhere in CrPC.<\/li><li>Section-154 of the CrPC denotes \u2018Information in cognizable cases\u2019, but for the purpose of general understanding \u2013 \u2018cognizable offence\u2019 and \u2018cognizable case\u2019, both are synonymous. Section-2(c) of the Code spells out the cognizable offence is cognizable case, in which a police officer may arrest (person\/s) without warrant. In such cases, police can also investigate the same without any orders of the Magistrate.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section-155_Information_as_to_non-cognizable_cases_and_investigation_of_such_cases\"><\/span><strong>Section-155: Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases:&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Normally, in practice \u2013 police never entertain any information regarding the non-cognizable cases\/offences. However, this section-155(1) says even in case of non-cognizable offence, police have to \u2018enter such information in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf, and refer the information to the Magistrate.\u2019&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Sub-section (2) of 155 puts the bar on investigation by the police in case of non-cognizable offence, unless Magistrate so orders. It says: \u201cNo police officer shall investigate a non-cognizable case without the order of a Magistrate having power to try such case or commit the case for trial.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>However, sub-section (3) says: if the Magistrate orders for investigation of such non-cognizable case to the police, then, \u2018police may exercise the same powers in respect of the investigation (except the power to arrest without warrant) as an officer in charge of a police station may exercise in a cognizable case.\u2019&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Sub-section-(4) further clarifies that: \u201cWhere a case relates to two or more offences of which at least one is cognizable, the case shall be deemed to be a cognizable case, notwithstanding that the other offences are non-cognizable.\u201d&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section-156_Police_officer%E2%80%99s_power_to_investigate_cognizable_case\"><\/span><strong>Section-156: Police officer\u2019s power to investigate cognizable case:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>This section is simple and gives powers to police to investigate the cognizable cases \u2018without the order of a Magistrate\u2019 and sub-section-(2) further says: \u2018No proceeding of a police officer in any such case shall at any stage be called in question on the ground that the case was one which such officer was not empowered under this section to investigate.\u2019&nbsp;<\/li><li>However, under certain Special Penal Statute\/s the qualification of the Investigation Officer is prescribed and such Special Penal Act would override the General Act\/Code i.e. CrPC e.g. under the SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 and Rules thereunder of 1995: Rule-7 says: An offence committed under the Act shall be investigated by a police officer not below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent of Police.<\/li><li>And lastly, sub-section (3) of 156 says: \u201cAny Magistrate empowered under Section 190 may order such an investigation as above-mentioned.\u201d<\/li><li>The scope of the aforesaid sub-section goes like this: When, information is given to police about the cognizable offence and if police fails to register the same, then, the remedy available to an aggrieved person is as per section-154(3) of the Code (send it to superior).<\/li><li>However, if that is not yielded any result, then, an aggrieved person can approach the Magistrate with a complaint (S.2[d]) and when he approaches the Magistrate with the complaint, Magistrate may exercise the power under section 190 of the Code and may order such an investigation (for such offence\/s) and then, the police do not have any option but to register the FIR and start the investigation.<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Powers of Police Officer to Investigate written by Prapti Doshi student of Institute of Law, Nirma University \u2018Police\u2019 is not defined under the CrPC, but the \u201cofficer in charge of a police station\u201d [S.2(o)], police report [S.2(r)] and police station [S.2(s)] have been defined. The word \u2018police\u2019 is normally used as a noun, which has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":160,"featured_media":8513,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[69],"tags":[2308,861,3054,3055],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Powers of Police Officer to Investigate - LexForti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Powers of Police Officer to Investigate written by Prapti Doshi student of Institute of Law, Nirma University\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lexforti.com\/legal-news\/powers-of-police-officer-to-investigate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Powers of Police Officer to Investigate - 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